Free Speech -- essays research papers

The Constitution of the United States states in its First Amendment that "Congress shall make no law respecting an disposal of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances" (Funk & Wagnalls 162). This Amendment guarantees each person of free speech. Does this mean that a person can stand in the middle of the street and yell anything he wants? No, society, even though it cherishes freedom of speech, does give this freedom certain restrictions. Why does society find it necessary to restrict freedom of speech? Does this ensure a more controlled society? Let us imagine a society that has no restrictions of speech. For example, any 1 can publish a false story of another person, secure for revenge perhaps, and the offended person would not be able to defend himself because there is no restriction of speech. A ne ighbor in a residential area decides to use a loud microphone to announce his beliefs in the middle of the night, and wakes everybody up. Because that person has every right to speak, nobody can do anything. blush though this is "freedom of speech" it is not allowed in a civilized society. Free speech is a very controversial issue because who is really the one to decide what can or cannot be expressed. The freedoms stated in the First Amendment have been controlled for the prot...

The Importance of Work :: essays research papers

The Importance of WorkDuring the birth of this country, Puritans had to guide hard to ensurethe supremacy of the new state. In order to make work more appealing, thePuritans emphasized the fruits of labor. This attitude, reflected in modern dayby the act of "working for a living," is considered as a "badge of pride."Puritan attitudes toward work and the attitudes of two modern day writers towardwork all agree that the act of working has virtuous effects, an attitude that Ishare because of my working experience (Clee and Clee 233-234).     Three different attitudes toward work, expressed by several writers whomI have recently studied agree that hard work yields positive rewards. Henry F.Bedford, a history teacher at Phillips Exeter Academy, and Trevor Colbourne, ateacher at the University of New Hampshire, examine the Puritan attitude towardwork in their book The Americans A Brief History. Puritans stress the goodnessof working by relating it to r eligious beliefs. Sloth is sinful, but thePuritans also pointed out that it was self-defeating. Leisure is evenconsidered an " deplorable temptation" (Bedford and Colbourne 235-238). Marge Piercy,a modern day poet, essayist, and novelist, attempts to explain why work isdesirable on contemporary terms in her poem "To Be of Use." To Piercy, hardworkers who really persevere are admirable because of the fact that the world isfull of temptations to stop working, or to not work altogether. This admirationfor determination is unmixed because work is as "common as mud," and it must bedone sometime (Piercy 242-243). Wendell Berry, an English teacher at theUniversity of Kentucky, explains the basis of the desire to work in his essay"The Joy of Work." In response to the prediction that there will be no work inthe future, Berry emphasizes the importance of work to human race nature.

Should We Bow to Louis XIV? Essay -- French History King Louis XIV Ess

Should We Bow to Louis XIV? Louis XIV, ruler of France for 72 years, is known for stabilizing France and making the country a strong European power. However, many of his projects were dear(p) and caused stinting problems for the nation. His personal lavish luxuries also were a financial burden to France. By the end of his reign, nearly all of the land he had acquired through war had to be returned, thus wasting enormous sums of French money. King Louis XIV reigned in France from 1643-1715. For 54 of these years, he reigned without the help of an official Prime Minister. Therefore, he in person controlled the French government. This created an absolute monarchy that became a model for much of Europe. Louis involvement in the War of Devolution with Spain, the Dutch War, the War of Palatinate and the War of the Spanish Succession had a vast impact on France. By 1677, Louis had expanded the French navy from a fleet of 20 ships to 270 ships. During his re ign, the arts flourished and French culture blossomed. Along with this came the formula of the exquisite, extravagant Versailles palace. Louis policy on religion produced the Edict of Fontainebleau, which revoked the former Edict on Nantes. These policies and events had both positive and negative effects on life in France during the 17th Century. It could be argued that during his reign, Louis XIV established France as a dominant European power by expanding the French borders and advancing the arts. History shows that during his reign, France achieved a unfermented dominant power throughout Europe. Through his careful, deliberate planning, France acquired much new land. France stunned Europe when Louis invaded the Spanis... ... engaged France in numerous battles and because many of his greatest marshal were now dead, France began to lose many of the lands it had acquired earlier in his reign. By 1697, France had to return Lorraine, Flanders, Luxembourg and the a rea around the Rhine River. Louis continued to lose battle after battle, and these defeats stick out the economy of France. The cost of these defeats became a huge financial burden on the country. The public debt increased, and taxes were raised. In short, Louis XIV should not be referred to as a elysian ruler. His projects were costly and were often fruitless. After his closest advisors died, he seemed incapable of making good decisions anymore. His personal luxuries, and his desire to be looked upon as a godlike figure, caused economic problems and a severe national debt that took France centuries to overcome.

St John The Evangelist :: essays research papers

Throughout the human history there have been many saints who have lived among us. They followed messiah principles and they did Gods will. One of the earliest saints was St. John, and he lived during the times of Jesus. His childhood and his date of birth are unknown, but it is well known that he was one of the best followers and students of Jesus.St. John was the male child of Zebedee, and the brother of St. James the Great with whom he was brought up to the trade of fishing. While Jesus was spreading his teachings and his miracles St. John entered public ministry. Then in his first class of public ministry our Lord c whole(prenominal)ed him to be an Apostle. He was called to be an Apostle with his brother, as they were mending their nets on the sea of Galilee. St. John was the youngest of all the apostles, and outlived the others. It is hard to list in details, all the challenges that St. John faced. His challenges were truly followed by Gods will and helped many people. St. John was one of the first ones who understood and studied how a person should live, how should he behave, and how moral his life should be. He was one of the first to follow those holy principles, and show them to others. One of his greatest challenges was writing a gospel. St. John the Evangelist is mostly known for writing a fourth gospel singing. If you would ask any person to list his challenges almost everybody would tell you that he wrote a gospel. It is believed that he wrote a Gospel at the year of 96, after the death of Domitian. His object in writing it he tells us himself These things are written that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the discussion of God and that, believing, you may have life in His name. In order to write a Gospel you have to be truly involved in holy life by yourself. St. John went threw Jesus teachings and he opened himself to Jesus. All of his life he spent by expressing love to others and by implementing Jesus principles. Thus before wri ting a Gospel, St. John experienced it all on himself. He also wrote three epistles. The first is called catholic, as addressed to all Christians, especially his converts. The other two are short, and directed to particular persons, to Gaius and to local church.

Transportation :: essays research papers

Transportation is question of people and goods from one location to another. Throughout history, the economic wealth and military power of a people or a nation have been closely tied to efficient methods of transportation. Transportation provides access to pictorial resources and promotes trade, allowing a nation to accumulate wealth and power. Transportation also allows the pass awayment of soldiers, equipment, and supplies so that a nation can wage war.Transportation systems and the routes they use have greatly influenced both how and where people live. Reliable transportation allows a commonwealth to expand throughout a countrys territory and to live comfortably in remote areas far from factories and farms. The growth and expansion of the United States were directly colligate to the convey of transportation available at the time. The more compact cities of the U.S. eastern seaboard are the result of early human- and animal-based transportation systems that allowed only sho rt trips. The more wandering(a) cities of the western United States are the result of an automobile-based transportation system that permits much longer travel distances.Transportation is vital to a nations economy. Reducing the costs of transporting natural resources to production sites and moving finished goods to markets is one of the key factors in economic competition. The transportation industry is the largest industry in the world. It includes the manufacture and scattering of vehicles, the production and distribution of fuel, and the provision of transportation services. In the 1990s, approximately 11 percent of the U.S. gross domestic product and an estimated 10 percent of all jobs in the United States were related to the transportation industry.The same transportation systems that link a nation can also be used in the nations war efforts. The rapid movement of troops, equipment, and supplies can be a deciding factor in winning a battle or a war. Transportation is usually classified by the strong point in which the movement occurs, such(prenominal) as by land, air, water, or pipeline. Within each of the first three media, many different methods are used to move people and goods from place to place. Pipelines are used mainly to transport liquids or gases over long distances.Land transportation is the dominant form of transportation in the world. People can move about land under their own power, either by walking or by other forms of human-powered transportation such as the bicycle. People also use domestic animals as a means of transportation, both for riding and for pulling wheeled wagons or carts.

Transportation :: essays research papers

Transportation is movement of people and goods from one location to another. Throughout history, the economic wealthiness and military power of a people or a nation have been closely tied to efficient methods of transportation. Transportation provides access to natural resources and promotes trade, allowing a nation to accumulate wealth and power. Transportation also allows the movement of soldiers, equipment, and supplies so that a nation can wage war.Transportation systems and the routes they use have greatly influenced some(prenominal) how and where people live. Reliable transportation allows a population to expand throughout a countrys territory and to live comfortably in remote areas farthest from factories and farms. The growth and expansion of the United States were directly related to the means of transportation available at the time. The more compact cities of the U.S. eastern seaboard are the offspring of early human- and animal-based transportation systems that allowe d only short trips. The more sprawling cities of the western United States are the result of an automobile-based transportation system that permits much massiveer displace distances.Transportation is vital to a nations economy. Reducing the costs of transporting natural resources to convergenceion sites and moving finished goods to markets is one of the key factors in economic competition. The transportation effort is the largest industry in the world. It includes the manufacture and distribution of vehicles, the production and distribution of fuel, and the provision of transportation services. In the 1990s, approximately 11 percent of the U.S. gross domestic product and an estimated 10 percent of all jobs in the United States were related to the transportation industry.The same transportation systems that link a nation can also be used in the nations war efforts. The rapid movement of troops, equipment, and supplies can be a deciding factor in winning a battle or a war. Transpo rtation is usually classified by the medium in which the movement occurs, such as by land, air, water, or pipeline. Within each of the number one three media, many different methods are used to move people and goods from place to place. Pipelines are used mainly to transport liquids or gases over long distances.Land transportation is the dominant form of transportation in the world. People can move about land under their own power, either by walking or by other forms of human-powered transportation such as the bicycle. People also use domestic animals as a means of transportation, both for riding and for pulling wheeled wagons or carts.

Surviving the Cold War

When America dropped a bomb on Japan in 1945 it marked the end of field War 2 and the beginning of the Cold War. The government urged citizens to be prepared for the worst an atomic bomb. It was a time of extreme fear. It was a time to acquire measures in your own hands to protect your family. As head of my household during the cold war it would be hard not to fall pray to the unalterable propaganda of the day. Since all above ground post atomic attack survival strategies would be futile efforts would be made for an underground or bunker survival.I would build a shelter at least four levels deep underground. The engineering behind this structure would have to be well thought out. Things resembling radiation resistant paint would be carefully considered. Every minor detail would be planned out before taking on construction. The domain of a survival plan would be part of the essential strategy. This would be rehearsed on a regular basis so in the event, things would operate smoot hly. each(prenominal) member of the family would be charged with specific duties, to avoid any confusion and chaos.It would be practiced routinely so that it becomes second nature. In order to exsert extended periods of time in a confined space your basic requirements must be met. The storage of water and food would be priority. I would chastise to build a tank that could hold at least a thousand gallons of water as for food as many dried and elicit goods as possible. There would be no such thing as too much. My goal would be to have enough resources to last a year. I would make sure we had adequate power supply with back up generators and batteries for a year.Having an extensive first aid kit would be fundamental, in subject field of minor injuries and exposure to hazardous materials. Another key strategy would be secrecy. Information about the family bunker and supplies would not be shared with neighbors or any other non family members. I feel this is imperative for our survi val. If the news of our location was shared with people our survival would be compromised because of having to share our resources and limited space. Finally the need for teaching would be a central motivator for reading the paper and watching the news reports about nemy operations and threats against the homeland.Keeping abreast of the news would let me cognise if it is safe to go outside or not. If we are expecting anymore bomb treats and generally whats going on in the world around us. In any society that lives under fear, it is extremely important to be informed. Being prepared as best as possible would be your only run across for survival. Throughout history mankind have engaged in wars and I firmly believe that like them, we too are resilient and can hold out with the right preparations.

Iron Crowned Chapter 1

Dont confuse fairy sissys with fairy princesses.Where I come from, girls who motive to be fairy princesses usually dream ab break through gossamer wings and frilly dresses. Pink dresses, at that. Im pretty confident(predicate) rhinestones are part of cosmos a fairy princess too, as are cute wands with stars on top that grant wishes. Fairy princesses expect lovely lives of luxury and lounging, ones that involve small woods creatures waiting on their every need.As a fairy queen, I can admit that there is a bit more involvement with timbre creatures than one might expect. only when the rest? A total joke. Fairies the kind I deal with, at least rarely have wings. My wand is do of rough gemstones bound to put downher, and I use it to b give bulge Otherworldly creatures out of existence. Ive also whacked a few people in the head with it. My support is dirty, harsh, and deadly, the kind of life no frilly dress could withstand. I wear jeans. Most important, I get a line horribl e in pink.Im also pretty sure that fairy princesses dont have to deal with this kind of shit first thing in the morning.I have killed Eugenie accentuateham.The words rang out loud and clear by a dine room filled with about thirty people eating at round wooden tables. The ceilings were vaulted, and the rough stone walls made it look uniform part of a medieval rook because well, it kind of was. Most of the morning diners were soldiers and guards, only a few were wrap upicials and high-ranking servants who lived and worked within the castle.Dorian, King of the oak Land and my bondage-loving Otherworldly boyfriend, sat at the head table and looked up from his breakfast to weigh who had made such a bold statement. Im sorry, did you say something?The speaker, stand up on the other side of the table, off-key as red as the uniform he wore. He looked about twenty-something in human years, meaning he was probably a hundred or so in fairy or gentry, the name I preferred years. Th e guy bit his lip and straightened his posture, do another attempt at dignity as he glared at Dorian.I said I killed Eugenie Markham. The man a soldier, it appeared looked around at the faces, no doubt hoping his message would inspire horrified reactions. Mostly his words brought about good-natured confusion, largely because half of the people gathered in the room could see me standing in the hall outside. I have killed your queen, and now your armies will crumble. Surrender immediately, and Her Royal Majesty, Queen Katrice of the Rowan Land, will be merciful.Dorian didnt react right away and didnt look very concerned. He delicately patted his mouth with a brocade napkin and indeed re turned it to his lap. Dead? Are you sure? He glanced over at a dark-haired woman impersonateting beside him. Shaya, didnt we just see her yesterday?Yes, sire, replied Shaya, pouring cream into her tea.Dorian brushed autumn-red hair out of his face and returned to cutting up the sugary, almond-co ated pastry that was serving as his most important meal of the day. Well, there you have it. She cant be dead.The Rowan soldier stared in disbelief, growing more and more incredulous as people continued to either regard him curiously or simply ignore him altogether. The hardly soulfulness who seemed mildly concerned was an elderly gentry woman sitting on the other side of Dorian. Her name was Ranelle, and she was an ambassador from the Linden Land. Shed only arrived yesterday and clear wasnt used to the wacky mishaps around here.The soldier turned his attention back to Dorian. Are you as insane as they say you are? I killed the stumper Queen Look. He threw down a silver and moonstone necklace. It clattered against the hard, tiled floor, and the pale, iridescent stones just barely picked up some of the morning light. I cut this off of her corpse. Now do you believe me?That brought some silence to the room, and even Dorian paused. It was indeed my necklace, and seeing it made me absentmindedly touch the bare spot on my throat. Dorian wore his perpetually bored expression, but I knew him well enough to guess at the maelstrom of thoughts swirling behind his green eyes.If thats true, Dorian replied at last, accordingly why didnt you actually bring us her corpse?Its with my queen, said the soldier smugly, thinking hed finally gained ground. She kept it as a trophy. If you cooperate, she might release it to you.I dont believe it. Dorian peered down the table. Rurik, will you pass the salt? Ah, thank you.King Dorian, said Ranelle uneasily, perhaps you should pay more attention to what this man has to say. If the queen is dead Shes not, said Dorian bluntly. And this sauce is delicious.Why dont you believe me? exclaimed the soldier, sounding oddly childlike. Did you think she was invincible? Did you think no one could kill her?No, admitted Dorian. I just dont think you could kill her.Ranelle tried again. My lord, how do you know that the queen isnt Because shes standing right there. Will you all shut up now so I can eat in peace? The interruption and end to this farce came from Jasmine, my teenage sister. Like me, she was half human. Unlike me, she was totally unstable and was consequently eating her breakfast while wearing loose but magic-stunting handcuffs. She also had headphones on, and the breakfast debate must have been overpowering her current playlist.Thirty faces turned toward where I stood near the doorway, and there was a mad scramble as almost everyone shoved back their chairs and tried to rise for a hasty bow. I sighed. Id been palmy leaning against the wall, resting from a hard nights journey as I watched this absurdity unfolding in my Otherworldly home. The gig was up now. I threw back my shoulders and strode into the dining room, putting on all the queenly airs I could.The reports of my death have been greatly exaggerated, I announced. I had a emotion Id messed up the Mark Twain quote, but in this crowd, nobody knew th e reference anyway. Most thought I was simply stating the facts. Which, real, I was.The Rowan soldiers flushed face suddenly turned white, his eyes bugging out. He took a few steps backward and glanced uneasily around. There was really nowhere else he could go.I gestured for those who were standing and bowing to sit down as I walked up to my necklace. Picking it up from the floor, I eyed it critically. You broke the clasp. I studied it for a few more moments and then turned my glare on him. You broke it when you ripped it off my neck while we were fighting not when you killed me. Obviously. I just barely recalled grappling with this guy last night. Hed been one among many. Id lost him in the midst of the chaos, but apparently, Katrice had decided to send him here with a story after hed captured this evidence.You look amazing for being dead, my dear, called Dorian. You should really come join us and try this sauce that Ranelle brought.I ignored Dorian, both because he expected me t o and because I knew I didnt look so amazing. My tog were ripped and dirty, and Id accrued a few cuts in last nights battle. Judging from the haze of red I kept seeing out of the corners of my eyes, I had a feeling my hair was frizzy and sticking up in about a hundred different directions. It was already turning into a hot day, and my stuffy castle was making me sweat profusely.No, gasped the Rowan soldier. You cant be alive. Balor swore he saw you fall he told the queen Will you guys stop this already? I demanded, leaning in close to his face. This made a few of my own guards step nearer, but I wasnt worried. This loser wouldnt try anything, and besides, I could defend myself. When is your fucking queen leaving to stop turning every rumor about Dorian or me dying into some huge proclamation? Havent you ever heard of habeas corpus? never mind. Of course you havent.Actually, piped in Dorian. I know Latin.It wont work anyway, I growled to the Rowan guy. Even if I were dead, its no t going to stop our kingdoms from trampling yours.That pulled him out of his dumfounded state. Fury lit his features fury spiked with a little bit of insane zeal. You half-breed bitch Youre the one whos going to be blighted from existence You, the Oak King, and everyone else who lives in your cursed lands. Our queen is mighty and great Already shes in negotiations with the Aspen and Willow Lands to unite against you She will grind you with her foot and repulse this land, take it and Can I kill him? Please? This was Jasmine. Her gray eyes looked at me pleadingly, and shed taken the headphones off. What should have been teenage sarcasm was actually deadly seriousness. It was days like these I regretted keeping her in the Otherworld, rather than sending her back to live with humans. Surely it wasnt too late for reform school. I havent killed any of your people, Eugenie. You know I havent. Let me do something to him. Please.Hes under a truce flag, replied Shaya automatically. Protoc ol was her specialty.Dorian turned toward her. Blast it, woman Ive told you to stop letting them in with immunity. Wartime rules be damned. Shaya only smiled, unconcerned by his mock outrage.But he is protected, I said, suddenly feeling exhausted. Lasts night battle more of a skirmish, really had ended in a draw among my armies and Katrices. It was incredibly frustrating, making the loss of life on both sides seem totally pointless. I beckoned some of my guards forward. Get him out of here. Put him on a horse, and dont send him with any water. Lets hope the roads are kind to him today.The guards bowed obediently, and I turned back to Katrices man.And you can let Katrice know that shes wasting her time, no matter how often she wants to claim shes killed me or even if she manages it. Were still going to see this war through, and shes the one whos going to lose. Shes outnumbered and out-resourced. She started this over a personal fight, and no one else is going to help her with it. Tell her that if she surrenders immediately, then maybe well be merciful.The Rowan soldier glared at me, his malice palpable, but offered no response. The best he could manage was to spit on the ground before the guards dragged him off. With another sigh, I turned away and looked at the breakfast table. Theyd already brought up a chair for me.Is there any toast? I asked, sitting down wearily.Toast was not a common item on the gentry menu, but the servants here had gotten used to my human preferences. They still couldnt make decent tequila, and Pop-Tarts were totally out of the question. But toast? Toast was within their adroitness set. Someone handed a basket of it to me, and everyone continued eating peacefully. Well, almost everyone. Ranelle was staring at all of us like we were crazy, which I could understand.How can you be so calm? she exclaimed. After that man just just and you She looked me over in amazement. Forgive me, Your Majesty, but your attire Youve clearly been i n battle. Yet, here you are, sitting as though this is all perfectly ordinary.I gave her a cheerful look, not wanting to offend our guest or project a vague image. Id just arrogantly told the Rowan soldier that his queen would never gain any allies, but his comment about her negotiating with the Aspen and Willow Lands hadnt been lost on me. Katrice and I were both scrambling for allies in this war. Dorian was mine, giving me the edge in numbers right now, and I didnt want to risk any chance of that changing.Dorian caught my eye and gave me one of his small, laconic smiles. It warmed me up, easing a little of the frustration I felt. Some days, it seemed like he was all that was going to get me through this war Id inadvertently stumbled into. Id never wanted it. Id never wanted to be queen of a fey kingdom either, forcing me to split my time between here and my human life in Tucson. I certainly hadnt wanted to be at the center of a prophecy that claimed Id give birth to humanitys con queror, a prophecy that had driven Katrices son to rape me. Dorian had killed him for it, something I still didnt regret, even though I hated every day of the war that had followed in the killings wake.I couldnt tell Ranelle any of that, of course. I wanted to send her back to her land with an image of confidence and power, so that her king would think allying with us was a smart move. A brilliant move, even. I couldnt tell Ranelle my fears. I couldnt tell her how much it hurt me to see refugees makeing up at my castle, poor petitioners whose homes had been unmake by the war. I couldnt tell her that Dorian and I took turns visiting the armies and fighting with them and how on those nights, the one who wasnt fighting never got any sleep. Despite his flippancy, I knew Dorian had felt a spark of fear at the Rowan soldiers initial claim. Katrice was always trying to demoralize us. Both Dorian and I feared that someday, one of her heralds would show up telling the truth. It made me wa nt to run away with him right now, run away from all of this and just wrap myself up in his arms.But again, I reminded myself that I had to brush those thoughts away. Leaning over, I gave Dorian a soft kiss on his cheek. The smile I offered Ranelle was as winning and social welfare as one he might produce. Actually, I told her. This is a pretty ordinary day for us.The sad part? It was true.

Unit 201- Child and Young Person Development

Unit 201- Child and young soulfulness development 3. 1 see the transitions experienced by most boorren and young people 3. 2 Identify transitions that only some children and young people whitethorn experience e. g. bereavement 3. 3 Describe with examples how transitions may affect children and young peoples demeanor and development Most children and young people will experience the following transitions * Starting Nursery or reception * Going from part time to just time education * Going from infant to junior to secondary school * Starting to arrive or leave school alone Starting puberty * Exams * Starting college or higher education Some Children and young people may experience the following transitions * Divorce * juvenile partners * Step siblings * New siblings * New pets * Family members dying * Pets dying * Contracting, or recovering from, illness * Going into care * Moving house and changing schools * Abuse * Moving countries * Older siblings moving place of home * Injur ies * Becoming disabled * Becoming a carer All of these things will have an effect on a child or young persons development and behaviour.Ways that a childs development or behaviour could be affected include * Being traumatised- A child may block an event from memory and in rare cases, can block out the whole world. This can lead to psychologically becoming blind, indifferent(p) and mute. * Becoming attention seeking- If a child has experienced a transition that means they get less attention they may act out in ways they would not normally act, breaking things, shouting, swearing etc because they crave attention and know they will get a reaction from adults * Uncharacteristic behaviour- using actions and wrangle they would not normally use, not always to get attention.Children and young people may be looking for an escape, or a way into a raw(a) social circle. * Being anxious or nervous- Change in routine can affect a child because disrupting their normal day to day biography brin gs in uncertainties, things they cannot control and new people who they do not yet trust. * Becoming withdrawn- children can often become withdrawn after any genial of transition, they can be put up sitting alone, playing alone, and are less responsive, if they respond at all.It is important to try to get the child to interact with different children as well as adults. * Self harm- Not to be confused with attention seeking, if a child has had a dramatic transition, they may turn to egotism harm to help them feel better. Most people who self harm are never found out, because they do not want to be found out. This usually only happens in extreme situations, and is very unlikely to happen to anyone younger than 12. It is important to report any concerns about a child that may be self harming.

Bildungsroman Siddartha Essay

Siddhartha, by Hermann Hesse aligns perfectly with the genre of a bildungsroman. Why? Because Siddhartha grows as a person from youth to adulthood throughout the story. He leaves his home looking for answers and experience trying to achieve Nirvana. Siddharthas unhappiness makes him leave on a journey looking for promised land. In a bildungsroman, the goal is maturity. Siddhartha matures throughout the story by experiencing everything he believed to be wrong in life. He takes a lot of decisions throughout his journey to finally reach enlightenment.Siddhartha begins his journey when he talks to Gautama (The Buddha). He wants Gautama to teach him how to find his inner self. He soon realizes that Gautama plant enlightenment from own personal experiences, not through teachings. He realizes that his happiness relies on experiencing the world and that happiness can not be taught.Siddhartha goes on to get the life of a gambler, lover, etc. He begins to do everything he believed to be wro ng in his society. He becomes self-centered and greedy. He becomes part of the society that doesnt care about whats right or wrong. He is not pleased with how he lived his life in the village. At some point he wishes to kill himself because he feels that he wasted a lot of time alert life the wrong way.I think that Siddhartha matured the most by and by finding out he had a son. He is all of a sudden left with the charge of raising his child that he hasnt met before. contradictory himself, his son is very rude and spoiled which didnt make it easy raising him. Siddhartha gave him money and all of his attention but the unappreciative little affright left, never to be seen again. Siddhartha feels great pain after letting his son go but this pain allowed him to finally find enlightenment and his inner self. passim his journey, the protagonist (Siddhartha) mature and finds experience just like a bildungsroman genre would. The main conflict between Siddhartha and society was that he wa snt happy living like the rest of his people. The protagonist (Siddhartha) in now able to reach out and help other just like when Govinda kisses him on the forehead and reaches enlightenment as well. This is why the story Siddhartha aligns with the genre of a bildungsroman.

Broken Homes and Marriages

tough family happens when the two parents are not anymore living together, usually this happens through divorce, but most recently, younger genesis increased in number and frequency of single parenthood and early pregnancy (Tiabuilder, 2007). Broken homes, nonetheless(prenominal) ability range from actual confused families or instances wherein parents and children seldom meet or have time together or instances when physical/sexual/psychological abuse/s are prevalent.People from broken homes did not experience the same love and affection that can be found in a normal family. Usually, they are provided with little attention and care. Thus, they are less likely to possess the essential qualities that a successful relationship requires. It must be noted that coming from broken homes increased the chances of rebellious behavior/s and delinquency (Tiabuilder, 2007). They are inclined to demand from their partners more attention, understanding and trust, to compensate what they lost.At first the couple with one or both coming from broken homes might become successful but in the long run they are less likely to possess the relative experience and knowledge required to erect a family and work out a marriage. Marriage is about sharing, becoming parents and becoming responsible citizens (Akande, 2008). Without a proper guide, those that came from broken homes lack not wholly the capability and/or ability but also the knowledge of maintaining a happy and good relationship with their partner or child/ren.More likely, people from broken homes follow the same path as what they had experienced. Work Cited Akande, J. The Devastating Effects of Divorce and Separation. Retrieved on October 21, 2008, from http//www. myeexpert. com/areasofexpertise. php? id=246. Tiabuilder. The Only Solution To High Divorce Rates and Broken Families. 2007. Retrieved on October 22, 2008, from http//tiabuilder. wordpress. com/2007/04/29/the-only-solution-to-high-divorce-rates-and-broken-familie s/.

Chemistry Project Essay

Caffeine is a naturally-occurring stimulant, base in several industrial plants. Caffeine is water soluble, and is extracted into the brewed cup when preparing afternoon afternoon tea leaf leaf judgment of conviction, coffee, or former(a) caffeinated drinks. The closely well- cognize plants deporting caffein are the tea plant, Camellia sinensis, coffee, yerba mat, and guayusa. Although tea is known to pitch a number of health benefits, heavy caffein use is known to have unpleasant effects and negative impacts on health, including anxiety and insomnia, and for this reason many tea drinkers seek to moderate their caffeine intake. The amount of caffeine in tea tends to be low, but is high enough to be a matter of concern for mess drinking large quantities of tea, as well as people sensitive to caffeine for medical reasons.The Caffeine MoleculeHow untold caffeine is in tea?The caffeine content of tea varies wide from one tea to the next, and depends on how the tea is brewed, but tends to be within the range of 15-70mg per 8 ounce cup. Caffeine stern in any case be measured in ground of milligrams of caffeine per grams of dry tea. A teaspoon of dry tea leaves tends to weigh around 2.5 grams, the amount usually utilise to make a single cup, although this varies greatly by the type of tea. One believe of the caffeine content of teas (after steeping) constitute that the caffeine content of tea varied from about 3 mg/g to 30mg/g, which would result in a cup of tea containing between 7.5 mg and 75 mg of tea.In most cases, tea has much less caffeine than coffee a typical cup of coffee contains 80-135 mg of caffeine. However, it is important to note that these figures are per cup, not per serving, and in the case of large serving sizes, and also with espresso and other heavily-caffeinated drinks, the caffeine per serving cornerstone be considerably higher(prenominal). In the U.S. the standard small serving size is 12 ounces. A recent study of commercial coffee vendors in Australia found that roughly a quarter of espresso samples contained over 120 mg of caffeine per serving, about 1/8th contained 167 mg or more per serving, and the highest contained 214 mg per serving. The authors of this study concluded that the most often-cited figures on caffeine content of coffee tend to underestimate the actual caffeine content.How much caffeine is safe to consume? To place these figures in perspective, the current consensus of the Ameri drop Congress of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists is that it is safe for pregnant women to consume up to 200 mg of caffeine daily. For the general public, the Mayo clinic recommends that 200-300 mg of caffeine daily is safe, but that 500-600 mg daily can cause a number of health problems.If drinking a relatively stronger tea containing 60mg / cup, 8 cups a day would be a safe amount, or 3 for pregnant women. For a weaker tea, with 30mg / cup, twice this amount would console be a safe amount of caffeine. Keep in mind that different people react differently to caffeine, so an amount that is safe or unpleasant for one person may not be healthy for everyone.L-theanine in tea interacts with caffeine In addition to caffeine, tea also contains L-theanine theanine can interact with caffeine, allowing a smaller dose of caffeine to have a stronger effect in terms of boosting concentration and alertness. This may explain why tea seems to provide a stronger boost in alertness for some people than one would expect from its caffeine content alone.Do black, green, or discolor teas contain more or less caffeine? Many tea companies, and even some reputable entities such as the U.S. Department of Agriculture, have made jerry-built generalizations about the caffeine content of broad classes of tea. It is a widespread myth that black tea contains more caffeine than green tea, and another myth that blanched tea contains the least caffeine of all teas.Studies that have actually examined the caffeine conte nt of a large number of different teas have consistently found that caffeine levels vary more among individual teas than across broad categories of tea such as black, white, green, oolong, or pu-erh. A study published in 2005 in the Journal of Food Science listed, among other things, the caffeine content of 77 different teas, and found a broad range of caffeine content among both green and black teas. Surprisingly, the tea in this study that was found to contain the most caffeine was a white tea, solidly dispelling the myth about white teas caffeine content.A more recent study in the 2008 Journal of Analytical Toxicology examined the caffeine contents of a number of teas, and found that they ranged from 14 to 61 mg per 6 or 8 oz serving, with no observable trend in caffeine concentration due to the variety of tea. Very few tea companies have examined the caffeine content of a large number of samples of their teas one that has, Camellia Sinensis Tea House, found similar results, that the caffeine level varies widely from one tea to the next, and does not show clear trends of caffeine levels across different varieties of teas.One possible exception to this observation is that matcha is known to contain very high levels of caffeine, consistently much higher than other teas. This is due in part to higher caffeine levels in the leaf apply to produced matcha, but it is also due to the fact that, because matcha is a powdered tea, the entire tea leaf is consumed when brewing, so a cup of prepared matcha contains 100% of the caffeine in the leaf.What determines the amount of caffeine in a particular tea?Caffeine protects the tender young leaf buds of the tea plant from being eaten by insects.There are so many different factors influencing the caffeine content of tea, that it is very hard to make generalizations predicting the caffeine content of tea. Caffeine levels vary widely from one particular tea to the next. The only certain way to know the caffeine level of a p articular tea is to actually test it in a laboratory.Tea can be made from different parts of the tea plant, and these parts contain different quantities of caffeine. Leaf buds (tips) and younger leaves are higher in caffeine than older, mature leaves. This pattern can be explained by the fact that, for the tea plant, caffeine acts a natural insecticide, serving to protect the plant against being eaten by insects. Since the tips and tender young leaves are most vulnerable to insects, these parts of the plant are highest in caffeine the older leaves are tougher and indeed write down in caffeine. Tippy teas such as Yunnan Gold or Silver Needle White Tea (Bai Hao Yinzhen) are thus higher in caffeine than large-leaf teas such as Lapsang Souchong, a black tea (Souchongs are made of mature leaves) or Shou Mei, a white tea.The varietal (cultivar or specific horticultural variety) of tea plant used to produced tea can profoundly affect caffeine levels in tea. Varietal is independent of ty pe of tea (green, white, black, oolong, etc.), and different types of tea can be produced from the same varietal. Variation in caffeine content among different varietals can lead to teas grown under similar conditions, with similar appearance and other qualities, having different caffeine levels.Roasting can also reduce the caffeine levels in tea. In the 2005 study mentioned above, one particular sample of Hojicha, a Nipponese roasted green tea, was found to have less caffeine even than some decaffeinated teas. Oolong teas are usually roasted to varying degrees, and can be lower in caffeine, although like all types of tea, oolong teas vary greatly in caffeine content. It should be noted that the roasting processes both for hojicha and oolongs vary greatly, and the caffeine content of most of these teas has not been extensively studied, so it is not safe to conclude that hojicha or roasted oolong is necessarily low in caffeine.The blending of tea with caffeine-free ingredients to pr oduce flavored teas can result in a lower total caffeine content so long as less total tea leaf is used in the blend. Scenting tea with flowers or flavoring tea with essential oils of plants does not add as much weight as blending with loose herbs, and thus does not lower the caffeine content (by weight) of the blend as much. How you brew tea affects caffeine contentThe quantity of leaf used and the length of time the leaves are steeped both directly influence the caffeine content of the final cup of tea. Using more leaves and steeping for a longer time both outgrowth the caffeine in the resulting cup. Our page on brewing tea has more discussion of how to brew tea. Can you decaffeinate your own tea by steeping it briefly in water? Short answer no. A number of sources make the claim that you can decaffeinate your own tea by making a brief infusion in hot water, and then discarding this infusion. Unfortunately, this process does not work if it did, tea companies would not have to re sort to expensive and involved decaffeination processes to produce decaf tea. Caffeine tends to diffuse in hot water at the same rate as many of the chemicals responsible for the flavor and aroma of tea, so if the tea still tastes flavorful, it probably still contains caffeine.Most (but not all) herbal tea teas contain no caffeine Although caffeine does occur in a number of plants, the raise majority of herbal teas are caffeine free. The most notable exception is Yerba mate. Other plants containing caffeine are very rare as ingredients in herbal tea.In addition to exploring other herbal teas, people desiring caffeine-free tea-like drinks might want to try South African rooibos and honeybush, two plants which are often depict as being similar to tea in flavor, health benefits, and manner of production.

Negative Intensification in Mass Media Discourse

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, SCIENCE, YOUTH AND SPORTS OF UKRAINE IVAN FRANKO NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF LVIV ENGLISH DEPARTMENT NEGATIVE INTENSIFICATION IN MASS MEDIA DISCOURSECOURSE PAPER PRESENTED BY __________________ Anastasia Hayevska a stern year student of the incline departmentSUPERVISED BY _________________ O. V. Tatarovska a lecturer of the face department Lviv 2012 Theme NEGATIVE INTENSIFICATION IN MASS MEDIA DISCOURSECONTENTS ingress.. 3 Chapter 1. Negation in English6 Chapter 2. The look of Intensification. Negative Intensification12 2. 1. A typo logical perspective 2. 2. Types 2. 3. A typology of intensifiers Chapter 3. Negative Intensification in media dis intelligence activity form.. 23 Conclusion 29 aestival.. 30 References31 IntroductionAt the beginning of the XXI century the existence of the process of medialization in the living space of society is quite a inhering fact. agree to this theory, medialization is a global and intensive process of influence of media on public consciousness, leading to internal colonization, fragmentation of mental conceptions of people. The goals of scientists that the role of media in the in advance(p) world is extremely large and the ability of the media discourse to influence the k noked out(p)look of the recipients is quite powerful atomic number 18 actu bothy important.The address of press, which reflects the interwoven neighborly processes, occur non only personal unless too public consciousness, primarily affects the fall(a) apartment of public opinion, helps in the formation of a certain type of social person. Periodicals, promoting political, scientific and early(a) thoughts in Britain, raise the aesthetic tastes by dint of the publication of works of art, consolidate the idea of diversity of English literary language and facilitate the development of language and cultural environment. The language of media reflects the chief(prenominal) trends of development of English.Recently, res earchers draw attention to different take aims of linguistic units in the media, particularly their apply and process in newspaper language. The subject of interest is mostly units of lexical and phraseological levels. How of all time, little attention is paid to headlines, though it is the main element that detects specific journalistic (newspaper) identity, in particular the need to give maximum information using minimum language material, tends to save the language units but with the maximum of semantic content, the combination of informational content, transience of stirred and expressive colour.Title primarily reflects the linguistic phenomena of our time and, in some measure, generalize them. Learning the English Negation is very important beca consumption its body structure is used in perpetuallyy day conversation. The more you practice the subject, the closer you get to mastering the English language. But first we need to go through what the role of Negation is in th e structure of the grammar in English.English negation is the process that turns an swanative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy). Here are some examples he is not present that is not my book do not enter As you move see from the example above, the structure of the Negation in English has a logical pattern. site the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in English. Negation and disallow styles sustain a very important role in English in that locationof they need very special attention.Topicality of research is determined by several factors first, by increasing of the role of newspaper language in society and the grandeur of social and linguistic influence on the formation of values secondly, by the check of late newspaper language trends and phenomena that are bright shown in the defy decade in colloquial language and thirdly, the lack of basic research on figurative means of intensification in grammar and lan guage in general.The Object of the course paper is linguistic means used in media to enhance their perlocutionary effectiveness and the reasons of using ban intensification in language. The subject of the course paper is the units of lexical, phraseological and syntactic level as means of intensification in newspaper speech. The aim of the course paper is to explore the basic means of intensification of expression in newspaper text, to develop the rootage of negation in the English language and concentrate on the ways of negative intensification. The tasks of the course paper to dwell on the grammar topic of negation, its importance and history to develop the motif of intensification and the usage of negative intensifiers in grammar structures and language to explore the most vivid language trends and phenomena in lexical-grammatical level to outline the examples of the utilizing of the intensifications in mass media discourse. The mulish value of the course paper is to hi ghlight the importance of negation in English grammar and the vivid usage of all kind of intensification both in conversational language and the language of media discourse.Chapter 1. Negation in English For several years, negation has been mavin of the most extensively discussed topics in generative grammar, and the subject of a gr run overcome deal of important work. Klimas 1964 paper Negation in English, for example, is surely peerless of the most careful and complete syntactic analyses ever attempted. More recently, the scope semantics of negation has been extensively discussed in bod of papers by R. Jackendoff, K. Iakoff, P. Carden and opposites.Although signifi dirty dogt insights have been presented in those works, no attempt has been made at formulating a unified theory of negation. Negation is an important category of speech, as it is cardinal of the basic mental operations. The versatility of negation is caused by the swear of man to differentiate the aspects of rea lity and the reflection of this process in speech. The problem of negation is one of the main categories in philosophy and logic. The term negation in philosophy was introduced by Hegel, but he put idealistic virtuoso in this term.He believed that the basis of the negation is the development of ideas, opinions. Negation is exchangeable a real analog to logical, imaginary objection (antithesis), while seen as mandatory time that repeat m both times in any process where thither is a change of phase, period, stage of change in an object. In terms of formal logic negation is a logical operation, standing in opposition to the authorized judgment untrue, to the false judgment unerring one, pointing to the discrepancy in the midst of the subject and the predicate generator addition to this class.In other give-and-takes, negation is not a direct reflection of reality and its ties but the way of our k presentlyledge, based on the contrast with the original incontrovertible facts. Bein g a universal category of language with a complex and multidimensional semantics and diverse arsenal of expression, negation gets a different interpretation in the light of each aspect of linguistics. Negation is the element of the sentence marrow, which indicates that the connection that is established between the components of the sentence, according to the speaker unquestionablely does not exist or that the affirmative sentence is rejected as alse by the speaker. In most graphic symbols the negative expression apprise be observed in the situation, when appropriate affirmative statement was made before or included in the total presumption of speakers. Negation is one of the inherent to all languages of the world semantically un descendd categories that is not identifiable through simple semantic elements. Syntactic aspect of the problem of negation has always been the main in research practice, and it sometimes pull down leads to assertions that the negation is the category, which is inherent only for sentence. For example, V. V Lebedev 6 p. 9 expresses the opinion that the minimal linguistic unit, which operates within a negation, is a predicative spin. This position reflects a narrow understanding of this linguistic phenomenon and is not coordinated with the existence of negative linguistic forms of non predicative character. From the formal point of view negation jakes be expressed by negative words (in Russian, ), a negative prefix (German unbekannt) negative form of individual separate of speech verb (English I go int require analytical negative form, Arabs, letters, lam yaktub), pronouns (in Russian, of Iraq. he dialogue. lahhad) and others. Negation can be formally unvoiced component of meaning (in Ukrainian which means ) or what is meant formally unexpressed component of sentence meaning (in Ukrainian ). Thus, negation is not just a theme in linguists. The term negation is widely used in other sciences much(prenominal) as logic or philosophy that shows the diversity of this concept.In natural language, there are (at to the lowest degree) two kinds of negation a weak negation expressing non-truth (in the sense of she doesnt like cytosine or he doesnt trust you), and a salutary negation expressing explicit falsity (in the sense of she dislikes snow or he distrusts you). Notice that the classical logic law of the excluded middle holds only for the weak negation (either she likes snow or she doesnt like snow), but not for the strong negation it does not hold that he trusts you or he distrusts you he whitethorn be neutral and neither trust nor distrust you.When we speak rough negation we sometimes can use intensification to try additional content to the sentence and intensify its importance. Intensification like a linguistic expression of exaggeration or derogation is not limited only by the category of adjective or adverb. Intensification can be expressed in different ways and can envelope not only particu lar parts of the sentence, but the w trap sentence. In standard written English, when two negatives are used in one sentence, the negatives are understood to cancel one other and produce a weakened affirmative.However, in many dialects, the second negative is employed as an intensifier and should be understood as strengthening the negation sort of than removing it. In Standard English, two negatives are understood to resolve to a positive. This rule was observed as early as 1762, when Bishop Robert Lowth wrote A Short Introduction to English Grammar with Critical Notes. For instance, I do not disagree could mean I certainly agree. Further statements whitethorn be necessary to resolve which particular meaning was intended 7.Because of this ambiguity, double negatives are frequently employed when making back-handed compliments. The phrase Mr. Jones was not incompetent pull up stakes seldom mean Mr. Jones was very competent since the speaker would have found a more flattering way t o say so. Instead, some kind of problem is implied, though Mr. Jones possesses basic competency at his tasks. A double negative occurs when two forms of negation are used in the selfsame(prenominal) sentence. Multiple negation is the more general term referring to the occurrence of more than one negative in a clause.In most logics and some languages, double negatives cancel one another and produce an affirmative sense in other languages, doubled negatives intensify the negation. Languages where multiple negatives intensify each other are said to have negative concord. Portuguese, French, Persian, and Spanish are examples of negative-concord languages, while Latin and German do not have negative concord. Standard English lacks negative concord, but it was normal in Old English and Middle English, and some modern dialects do have it (e. . African American Vernacular English and Cockney), although its usage in English is often stigmatized. Languages without negative concord typically have negative polarity items that are used in place of additional negatives when another negating word already occurs. Examples are ever, any subject and anyone in the sentence I havent ever owed any function to anyone (cf. I havent never owed zipper to no one in negative-concord dialects of English, and Nunca devi nada a ninguem in Portuguese, lit. Never have I owed nil to no one). Note that negative polarity can be triggered not only by direct negatives such as not or never, but by words such as doubt or hardly (I doubt he has ever owed any issue to anyone or He has hardly ever owed anything to anyone) 4 p. 32. Discussing English grammar, the term double negative is often though not universally applied to the non-standard use of a second negative as an intensifier to a negation.Although they are uncommon in written English, double negatives are employed as a normal part of the grammar of Southern American English, African American Vernacular English, and most British regional di alects, particularly the East London and East Anglian dialects. Dialects which use double negatives do so consistently and decipher a different set of descriptive linguistic rules (situation needed). Because of their non-standard nature, such double negatives are often employed in literature and the performing art as part of characterization, particularly to establish a speakers lower-class or uneducated status.In the film Mary Poppins, the chimney sweep Bert employs a double negative when he says, If you dont want to go nowhere Another is used by the bandits in the Stinking Badges scene of rump Hustons The Treasure of the Sierra Madre Badges? We aint got no badges. We dont need no badges More recently, the British television show EastEnders has received some publicity over the Estuary accent of character Dot Branning, who speaks with double and triple negatives (I aint never heard of no license. ).In the Harry Enfield sketch Mr Cholmondley-Warners Guide to the Working-Class, a stereotypical Cockney employs a septuple-negative Inside toilet? I aint never not heard of one of them nor I aint nor nothing. In music, double negatives can be employed to similar effect (as in Pink Floyds Another Brick in the ring, in which school churlren chant We dont need no education / We dont need no thought control) or used to establish a frank and everyday tone (as in The Rolling Stones (I Cant Get No) Satisfaction. ).Historically, Chaucer made extensive use of double, triple, and even quadruple negatives in his Canterbury Tales. About the Friar, he writes Ther nas no man no wher so vertuous ( on that point never was no man nowhere so virtuous). About the Knight, He nevere yet no vileynye ne sayde / In all his lyf unto no maner wight (He never yet no vileness didnt say / In all his purport to no manner of man). adjacent the battle of Marston Moor, Oliver Cromwell quoted his nephews dying words in a letter to the boys father Valentine Walton A little after, he said one thing lay upon his spirit.I asked him what it was. He told me it was that God had not suffered him to be no more the executioner of His enemies. Although this particular letter has often been reprinted, it is frequently changed to read not any instead. Many languages, including all living Germanic languages, French, Welsh and some Berber and Arabic dialects, have gone through a process known as Jespersens cycle, where an original negative soupcon is replaced by another, passing through a intermediate stage employing two particles (e. . Old French jeo ne dis new Standard French je ne dis pas Modern Colloquial French je dis pas I dont say). In many cases the original sense of the new negative particle is not negative per se (thus in French pas step, originally not a step = not a snack), but in Germanic languages such as English and German the intermediate stage was a case of double negation, as the current negatives not and nicht in these languages originally meant nothing e. g.Old English ic ne seah I didnt see Middle English I ne saugh nawiht, lit. I didnt see nothing Early Modern English I saw not. A similar development to a circumfix from double negation can be seen in non-Indo-European languages, too for example, in Maltese, kiel he ate is negated as ma kielx he didnt eat, where the verb is preceded by a negative particle ma- not and followed by the particle -x, which was originally a shortened form of xejn nothing thus, he didnt eat nothing5.Negation in language can be transmitted by various means negative words, negative prefix, and negative forms of the verb (which is not actually Ukrainian), or may not have a single expression, as a component of meaning ( = to refuse = not to accept). That is, a word without a negative prefix can be regarded as the word of a negative value, for example, lack (= have not), fail (= not succeed) but we can say too that succeed a negative line to fail. These words have implicit negation.Implicitness is a ph enomenon that is characterized by expression of some elements by not formal means. It manifests it egotism at all levels of language. With the help of implicitness the language units are provided with additional depth and layering. Implicit negation is contextual language category. The implicit negation can be indentified through the analysis of the semantics of that language, or other units. The peculiarity of implicit negation, like any other implicit category, consists of asymmetry, in other words of inconsistency of plan the content and plan of expression.Chapter 2. The Notion of Intensification. Negative Intensification Broadly speaking, manifestations of intensification in the English grammatical system have been traditionally associated with the adjective and adverb categories, not so commonly with other word-classes. This may be justified on two main accounts i) most of these are bitally susceptible of being easily modified by other elements and, secondly, (ii) they can be considered, in semantic terms, as open lexical items which can have a strengthening or weakening effect.In spite of this, it is necessary to point out that intensification as the linguistic expression of exaggeration and depreciation (Bolinger) does not restrict itself to this words other than adjectives and adverbs may express and receive intensification, and this linguistic process may have under its scope not only a single constituent of the clause, but too the whole of it. Thus, certain wh-words, what and how, can function as step up determiners adverbs in exclamations What nice music is she playing How well he managed Intensification is type of amplification in which an idea is emphasized or a timber heightened through restatement, expansion, detailed illustration, or other device. 1. A typological perspective Expressions like Latin ipse/a, English him-/her-self (X-self), Russian sam/-a, Italian stesso/-a, Mandarin ziji, Spanish mismo/-a, Fr. lui-/elle-meme, Nipponese zis in, zitai, etc. There is no established categorical label (emphatic reflexives, emphatics emphasizers, emphatic pronouns appositive/adverbial reflexives limiting adjectives identity pronouns focus particles, intensifiers) ( In English and many other languages there is no formal distinction between reflexive markers and intensifiers there is only a difference in distribution (1)a. John was undecidedly protecting himself. b. Fred hates himself. c. She poured herself another cup of tea. (2)a. Writers themselves, rather than their works, should be vetted for their sense of social responsibility.. . All things must change, says Father Ferguson. Sin itself must change. c. Ardery herself had precious the case. ( Languages seem to have several intensifiers (English X-self, by X-self, in X-self, own, of his own accord, personally, in person, etc. Italian stesso, proprio, in persona, in prima persona, in se, per se, etc. ), which may differ in their syntax and in their interpretation ( Iden tification across languages is easiest on the basis of prosodic and semantic criteria (i) focused and stressed (ii) evoking alternatives (iii) used as adjuncts (rarely as arguments) (iv) etymology derived from expressions denoting body parts, truth, possession, local notions persona precision of reference, return/again alone, downwards, etc. ) 2. Types (3)(a)the adnominal use Writers themselves, rather than their works, should be examined for their sense of social responsibility. (b)the adverbial exclusive use (( alone/without help) Mrs. Dalloway wanted to buy the flowers herself. (c)the adverbial inclusive use (( too) If hes spry breaking the rules himself, he could hardly demand that they do otherwise. (d)the attributive useJohn wants to be together with people of his own age. (4)Early Modern English (OED, s. v. self) He forbad the often attempting of warres agaynst ones self party or enemies. (1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholays Voy. IV, xxxi. 153 b) (5)Turkish (Munevver Ozkurt, p. c. ) (a)mudur-unkendi-sibizim-lekonusacak(adnominal) director-genint-3. possus-withwill. talk The director himself will talk to us. (b)kendioda-m(attributive) introom-1poss my own room (6)Latin Ipsius ante oculos before his very eyes We can also distinguish tree types of intensifiers 1. intensifiers express contrast . intensifiers are generally focused and thus evoke alternatives to the value given 3. intensifiers denote an identity function According to the other theory, the division of intensifiers can be interpreted in different way. Major types of intensifiers five major types defined on the basis of morpho-syntactic properties implicational connections can be described in terms of these types areal clustering intensifiers parasitic+ parasitic + adjectival adjectival nominal+ nominal comparative + relational invariantadjectivalprepositionalpronominalrelationalThere are a lot of different classifications of intensifiers developed by different scholars but this variant attracted my attention because of its complexity and diversity. This classification shows all the controversial aspects of the theme of intensification and gives us the most detailed division. 1. 3. A typology of intensifiers Parasitic intensifiers have the formal coiffure-up of major lexical classes like adjectives, relational nouns and pronouns (a) adjectival intensifiers (Europe) Swedish (Holmes & Hinchliffe 1994 146) Barn-etsjalv-tsaingenting child-artint-indef. neut. sgsaidnothing The child itself said nothing (b) relational nouns as intensifiers (Africa, Middle East, Mesoamerica, Finno-Ugric head-marking languages) (Turkish (Munevver Ozkurt, p. c. ) mudur-un kendi-si bizim-le konusacak director-gen int-poss. 3sg us-with will. talk The director himself will talk to us. (c) pronoun-like intensifiers (South Asia, French, English, Basque) Incorporate pronominal forms inflect for person, number, gender typically analogous to reflexive markers typically follow their head noun Fr ench Jai rencontre le prexy lui-meme. I met the President himself. (d) Invariant intensifiers (most common type) Few, if any, sortal restrictions, highly grammaticalized no areal clustering Yiddish (A. Albright, p. c. ) der direktor aleyn vet undz ufnemen art director int will us welcome The director himself will welcome us. (e) Intensifiers as prepositional phrases Yoruba A o ri kadinali funraar We not see cardinal INT. POSS. 3SG We did not see the cardinal himself. (Lit. for his body). We can intensify the effect of a verb by using an adverb that intensifies the meaning and particularly the perceptional content.The use of the intensifier can subtly suggest to the other person what emotions they should feel. In the same way, we can also use adverbs to attenuate and reduce the natural emotional content of a verb That is very interesting. (basic intensifier) That is very, very interesting. (repetition to increase effect) That is extremely interesting. (suggests extreme respons e) That is amazingly interesting. (suggests being amazed) That is scarily interesting. (suggests being scared) That is quite interesting. (reducing intensity) That is a bit interesting. reducing intensity) The basic intensifier is very and can be used with many verbs. Other intensifiers often have the same meaning as very but use different forms Intensifiers include very, really, extremely, remarkably, fantastically, etc. Intensifiers often subtly suggest to the other person what to feel. By naming emotions within the adverb, the other person has to consider this emotion and hence begins to feel it. As the adverb is not the subject, object or verb, it is not as noticed and hence such suggestions may slip past conscious (or even subconscious mind) filters.Just as intensifiers increase emotion, the same effect can be done in reverse, where the natural level of emotion implied by a verb may be reduced. This can be done deliberately to cool down a situation. It also can appear in f loppy language, where you are seek to avoid saying anything that upsets the other person and hence end up making very weak statements that have a very low fate of changing anybodys mind 1 p. 67. There is a curious pattern of intensification that uses negative words to intensify positive verbs.These words include awfully, abysmally, fearfully, terribly, ridiculously, insanely, disgustingly, hideously, etc. Thus, for example She is dreadfully beautiful. What an insanely good idea What in effect is happening here is that many strong emotions are negative, so using them in a positive context borrows that intensity of emotion whilst the contextual cues show that the real meaning is positive. An additional effect is that combining negative and positive words in the same sentence creates confusion, which itself is also adds to the emotion.A curious fact about this usage is that it is particularly popular with upper-class British people What a ridiculously interesting thing Sometimes intensification is done deliberately but with the opposite intent. This use of sarcasm may be done against another person or used in a more ironic sense about the situation. Oh, very clever (actually meaning rather stupid) The intensification of negation is occurred by using word that means trifle (not a bit, not a jot, not a scrap, etc.. ), or by an adverb, meaning ever (John-Eng. na ne with a = Goth. nand aiws, German nie English never sometimes loses its temporal meaning and coincides with the value of not). Finally, for intensification a word that means nothing can be added Lat. non, Eng. not (weak form of nought) or German nicht In comparison with English I ne seye not there is a double negation 11. It is known that the topic of negative intensification was not studied much, but we affirm that intensification can cover the whole sentence and its parts. Lets look on the adjacent examples The last few years its ot worth and because I cant breathe through my nose at all during the summer uhm that brings on the asthma. She decided herself as completely hopeless with my hands. It is clear that in the first example prepositional phrase at all acts as intensifier to emphasize that the speaker can not breathe through the nose. Here this sentence the intensification is achieved by means of adverb intensifier completely, which intensify the adjective hopeless. Negative intensification of the parts of the sentence has the same scheme.It is used mostly with negative adjectives, which are formed with the help of negative prefixes (a-, un-, dis-, non-, in-, im-, il-, ir-). These words in turn are modified by other adverbs or adjectives. We can draw a conclusion that negative intensification on sentence level and on level of its parts has only a slight difference. The negative intensification in English language can be achieved in five different ways 1. the use of expressions with negative stress 2. the recurrence of adverb never and its combination never ever 3. n ot (even)a one as a variant of fraction no 4. he use of certain lexical items in combination with a limited group of verbs 5. the use of a number of negative idiomatic expressions. The expressions with negative stress can be grouped in such a way at all, a bit, in the least, in the slightest, in any way. All this expressions are characterized by 1. they are used in a negative context, or at least not affirmative, we mean direct and indirect questions, and comparative conditional sentence, the words that are morphologically negative or negatively oriented, imperative sentences with nonspecific meaning and infinitive constructions with too. . they comply with certain lexical units 3. they act like adverbs in conditional sentences 4. they are used in a sentence abstractedly, this sentence is the attend to to former question 5. they stand in the middle of a sentence or at the end (final position prevails over the median). The most popular expression is at all. Palacios Martinez foun d 28 examples 20 in oral texts and 8 in written form. The sentence with at all is a negative intensifier for the precedent sentence, which is negative too.It is a attribute feature of oral style But the hospital had told me that the child wouldnt live So Id not prepared myself Id not got anything at all. The next expression is a bit that is also used for intensification of negative sentence. In this case it is the answer to the question. Whats your normal handwriting like Is it anything like . tell you what Not a bit. But it isnt a general rule. It can act as adverbial modifier within the clause. In such case we add not to the predicate, but not to a bit. You havent changed a bit. It didnt hurt a bit when my tooth was pulled out. In the slightest is also used as adverb attribute in order to intensify the negative sentence. Not is always coupled to the verb. We can find this phrase in oral speech and in most cases it is the answer to the previous sentence. Do you mind? Not a slightest. sooner common is the fact that such structures can be found in compound sentences with the negative key members of the sentence with verbs that denote mental procedure, opinion, perception, intention and desire (think, know, believe, want, seem, appear).Such cases we call transported negation. In fact, the negation is related to the clause, but is transferred to the main sentence because of pragmatic considerations. However, the transference does not change the value of a sentence 10. I dont think there is the slightest possibility for one very obvious reason quite apart. No way is quite a different case because it can stand at the beginning of the sentence when we are using the inversion. It is done in order to strengthen the intensification that cannot be done with normal word order.The modal verbs will and would stand after no way in order to express impossible assumption. No way will I go working for that man. No way would I do that. Quite common is the use of no way as the answer to the question. Such use is characteristic for some varieties of English, particularly American. In fact, this expression is a concise form of expressing strong negation. Sometimes it can express incredulity or surprise of the speaker. So we are seeing Bay City Rollers wordAh two or three words I saw a picture of myself yesterday in an phonograph album with uhm sitting up in bad next to my Bay City Rollers poster No way. To conclude this section, it is necessary to point out that apart from the quadruplet lexical constructions just examined, there are some others that can also be categorized under this first heading since they share all or most of the features which are characteristic of them. Among them we can mention the following by no means (with its variants not by any means and by no manner of means), under no circumstances, absolutely not and certainly not.The first two are usually fronted bringing about inversion subject-verb, while the other two are more commonly used in answer to a question in order to deny something or to express strong disagreement. It is by no means certain that this is what he did. Under the circumstances whatsoever will I support Mr. Baldwin. Does this affect your attitude to your work, in any way? Absolutely not. Had you forgotten? Certainly not. The repetition of adverb never with such phrases as in (all) my life, in a million years, for a million pounds is used to intensify the negative sentence.We can also add ever to never in order to intensify a negative eccentric of speech act. This phrase is very popular in colloquial language. Things will never ever be the same again. Never lecture with animals or children and never ever try to do chemistry experiments live. Ever can be also used with nothing, nobody, and none in order to convey emphatical meaning. We can also find whatever and whatsoever that are used with similar aim. Nobody ever went there. There is no scientific evidence to suppo rt such a view. Such expressions as not (even) a not (even) a single are the emphatic alternative to countable part no.Their meaning is that there is nothing previously mentioned. They are combined with a great number of nouns, in fact in communication they tend to use these lexical units scrap, hair, word, jot, thing, trace, crumb, ounce, smidgen, shred, sign, speck, etc. There is no food in the cupboard, not a scrap. She didnt say a single word. I dont feel one iota of guilt. I couldnt do a single thing about it. Most of them are especially common in informal and familiar contexts. However, there are so many phrases of this nature that no list could hope to be exhaustive.The main ones are at least included in the following not budge an inch with the meaning of to refuse to change their mind or compromise not sleep a wink to get a wink of sleep, that is, to sleep very little not drink ouch a drop, referring to the fact that no alcohol has been or is going to be drunk not lift or raise a finger to do something, meaning that you make no attempt to help someone not see know or meet a (living) soul, when someone goes to a certain place and they do not see or know anybody not move a muscle, that is, to keep absolutely still not bat an eye or eyelid, in other words, not to show any sign of surprise or concern 10 p. 8. These colorful expressions are used in English in order to intensify and emphasize the negative language.The purpose of intensification is an attempt to reach the hearer (reader) that is why the negative intensification is often used in mass media discourse. Chapter 3. Negative Intensification in media discourse Talking about mass media, we should discuss on the hole the effects of mass media on society. The media virus of the 21st century will influence your opinions, it will eventually begin to tell you what clothes to wear, how to style your hair, how you should look, who you should like and etc. Mass media has the overwhelming impact on our lives. Press, television, radio prescribes us how to live. The birth of the newspapers industry brought a new concept of social awareness down to the average working-class family.Technological advances and decreasing paper prices not only helped the newspaper industry flourish but appear other forms of print such as books and magazines. Unfortunately, it was a bitter when the necessary evil of television was introduced to the whole world. It was succeeded in turning many families into a bunch of overweight couch potatoes. The introduction of the meshwork completely revolutionized the ways in which we do business. These days you can get practically anything off the Internet. However, mass media plays a big role in our life and affects us more than we think. TV, radio, press reflect the present day life. Every year the influence of mass media is becoming greater and greater.The amount we spend immersing in mass media is not only going to shape who we are as persons, but it will even tually sever our connection to the real world. To have a major impact on society and compete with TV, for example, titles and names of newspapers have to attract the attention of individuals with the help of a variety of ways they can be loudly, pathos, contradictory, thought provoking. Often for such purposes different kinds of intensification are used the play of words, abbreviation, alliteration, rhymes, assonance, exclamations, parody, repetition and others. Often in mass media we can find quotes from poetry or phraseological units. Poetic language and folklore are characterized by syntactic structures with a value of inducement modality.In journalistic these features of artistic style are used, (Lesja Ukrainka) the words of V. Sosyuri, ?, poetry of Taras Shevchenko, whose poetical language is characterized by inducement sentence modality, . It is obvious that intensification is used in advertising in order to attract peoples attention and make then buy the product . The language of advertising is unconscious. Direct appeal to conscience of a consumer is not only in advertisements of industrial goods. Advertising of goods inserts images of products in subconscious of people and creates their characters, images.Speaking about negative intensification in mass media we can say that this topic wasnt studied properly and needs more attention, while negation in titles, headlines and names of programmes is very popular, while it catches readers attention and makes them interested. In my opinion, the most popular piece of information among the readers of a local newspaper will be the article with the title Dont ever read me. Frankly speaking, the 87% of people would definitely read the article. While exploring the theme of negative intensification in mass media discourse, I looked through some newspapers to find the use of negative intensification in the headlines or newspaper articles.These are some examples, which can be used to show the importance of negative intensification in mass media 1. HOW OFTEN DO YOU HEAR YOURSELF SAYING NO, I HAVENT READ IT IVE BEEN MEANING TO Independent Observer 2. THOUSANDS HAVE THIS PRICELESS GIFT BUT NEVER DISCOVER IT (What priceless gift? Why is it priceless? If thousands have it, perhaps I should have it too. The undiscovered angle has great attraction. Legions of people are convinced that they possess talents and abilities which others have never discovered. Consequently, their world is unfortunately inclined to underrate or mistake them. ) perfunctory Star 3. DOES YOUR CHILD EVER EMBARRASS YOU? NEVER EVER Direct, challenging, a common circumstance. Brings up a flood or recollections. How can such unpleasant experiences be avoided in the future? Based upon a strong selfish appeal. Parents, are first, individuals second, parents. The kind of reflection that children cast upon the prestige and self-esteem of their parents is a useful write angle to remember. ) Independent Observer 4. YOU NEVER SAW SUCH LETTERS AS HARRY AND I GOT ABOUT OUR PEARS (Friendly, human, disarmingly ingenuous, refreshingly non-advertisy in language. And, of course, the reference to such letters. ) Daily Express 5. LAST FRIDAYWAS I SCARED MY BOSS DIDNT ALMOST FIRED ME (A human narrative people wanted to read because it did or could happen to me. ) Daily Star 6. No signal of peace from Syria (The Syrian government has given no signal of peace but could still change its military posture before a deadline, envoy Kofi Annan says). BBC News 7. Norway shooter Anders Breivik declination not going further (Right-wing extremist Anders Breivik, who has admitted killing 77 people during a politically-motivated murder spree in Norway last summer, has been declared sane and fit to stand trial and will probably take the stand to say he wishes he had killed even more people. ) News 4 The World 8. U. S. warns N. Korea Rocket set up means no food aid AT ALL The White House bluntly warned North Korea on T uesday that going ahead with a long-range rocket launch would mean an end to planned American food aid to the secretive and starvation-plagued country. Its impossible to imagine). BBC News 9. Comedian Jon Lovitz says anti-Semitic prank no laughing enumerate at all. (Comedian Jon Lovitz is known for making people laugh, but he has expressed outrage at an anti-Semitic high school prank involving maple syrup. ) Daily Star 10. Im non NEVER TONGUE-TIED AT A PARTY (Pinpoints the myriads of self-conscious, inferiority-complexed wallflowers. Thats me I want to read this ad maybe it tells me exactly what to do about it. As you go along, you will notice how many of these headlines are interrogative ones. They ask a question to which people want to read the answer. They excite distinguishing characteristic and interest in the body matter which follows. They hit home cut through verbose indirectness. The best ones are challenges, which are difficult to ignore, cannot be pink-slipped with a quick no or yes and without further reading, are pertinent and relevant to the reader. Note how many of the ones included here measure up to these specifications. ) Daily Express 11. She has even taken court orders to prevent him coming anywhere near her. The Sun, June 14, 1994. 12. When a club XV player, I hardly saw any trouble. The Daily Mirror, June 10, 1994 13. I will never see my kids faces again Tears of mother blinded by boyfriend who GOUGED both of her eyes out (Tina Nash was subjected to sickening 12-hour assault while her two children were in home. She was also left with a broken nose and jaw in an attack described as the most harrowing police had seen the 32-year-old said the worst thing was not being able to see her children. She had suffered abuse at Shane Jenkins hands before but had helped him get out of jail. Mother of two said she hoped her assailant was not buzzing at the thought he was the last person she saw Jenkin had Outlaw tattooed on his arm and was servi ng a five-year ban from pubs in the area for bibulous violence) The Daily Mirror 14. I didnt get a chance to tell him I love him Heartbreak of family as 8-year-old collapses and dies walking to Little League game (An eight-year-old boy suddenly collapsed and died just minutes before his Little League baseball game in Las Vegas. Spencer Melvin was walking to the baseball field with his father Bob and pal Samuel, who were his coaches, when he suddenly fell to the ground. Despite desperate attempts by his father, who begged Spencer to stay with us and hang on as he fought to revive him, the little boy tragically passed away) The Daily Mirror. 15. Kill my wife? Absolutely not Id take her back tomorrow Super-rich Tory donor talks to Mail over claims he wanted to kill his ex. At first it seemed nothing more than a sorry tale of a spurned husband seeking revenge on the wife who left him, when mark tycoon Bill Ives admitted on Tuesday he had accepted a police caution for harassing Pearl Adams, a shop assistant, with unwanted phone calls. ) Daily Express. 16. Obama does non cut back for Buffett tax Documents show President did not earn enough to be hit with planned 30% tax for millionaires (Declining book sales have meant that President Barack Obamas income has dropped so much that he no longer qualifies for the tax raising Buffett Rule he has been so eager to tout. In tax returns released by the White House, Obama and his wife Michelle reported income of $789,674 last year, about half of it from Obamas book royalties. It was the lowest salary for the Obamas since 2004, when he wrote his best-selling memoir, Dreams From My Father. ) News 4 The World. 17.Zimmerman did NOT use racial slur against Trayvon Martin, prosecutors now say (Despite what some people think they heard, prosecutors say George Zimmerman did not utter a racial slur in his call to 911 on the night he shot Trayvon Martin. ) BBC News The interesting fact that you can notice in these headlines is an other way of negative intensification. It is used only in written language and its idea is to highlight the negation in any possible way to stress, to emphasize, to accentuate or to write it in capital letters as in the example Zimmerman did NOT use racial slur against Trayvon Martin, prosecutors now say. In such a way the readers attention is focused on NOT that intensify the negation. As you can see from examples the most frequently used negative intensifiers are never, ever, at all, in any way and some others.Thus, syntactic and pragmatic features of negative structures in modern English writing give us reasons to affirm that frequency and number of negative structures are not importantly different in mass media discourse, but in the language of journalism as opposed to the language of science, negation does not only performs the function of denying proposal, but also expresses the other speech acts the refusal, an indication, vigorous intention writing style as well as oral la nguage has its own characteristics for using negation too. They depend on the purpose of communication, the relationship between reader and writer and style concerning the distribution of NOT and NO, NOT is more frequently used on journalism, than in scientific style. All these conclusions confirm the idea that the language of mass media discourse has more in common with oral speech then with scientific style. Conclusions With the analysis of these gay emphatic negative expressions, this preliminary account of the resources used by modem English to intensify and emphasize negative speech acts is completed.Something that appeared to be simple and straight forrad at the beginning turned out to be more attractive and interesting than was originally expected. In spite of this, by no means should this be considered as a conclusive study. lt is just an introductory survey which will have to be developed in further pieces of research. lt is essential that new and big samples of data be collected as well as more time and attention devoted to each method of negative intensification. The complexity of negation, its importance in the language system and its connections with disciplines such as Logic, Psychology, Sociology and even Mathematics demand an urgent need for supplementary research in the area.No doubt, this will chip in to clarify new features and aspects of the English polarity system which has been traditionally left aside or examined in purely abstract terms without getting deeper into the actual use of the language. Negative intensification is one of the most interesting categories in grammar. Many scientific papers are devoted to the aspect of negation and intensification. The first mention we can find in the writings of E. Klima, O. Esperson, E. Shendels, V. Bondarenko, V. Komissarov, R. Jacobson and other famous scientists. General history of negative constructions in many languages is characterized by a kind of fluctuations.When the only thing tha t is left after negation is proclitic structure or even a sound, it is too weak, and there is a need to intensify it by adding some additional words. This word in turn can be understood as an element of expressing negation, and can undergo the same process as the original word. In this way, there is constant alternation of weakening and strengthening a phenomenon in combination with further tendency of putting negation in the beginning of a sentence, where it may well be omitted, lead to unique effects that can be traced in the example of English language. Summary , ? ? . . , , ? , , , , ? . , , , . , , , , . ? ? ? , ? , . ? ? ? , ? . ? ?. ?. , ?. ? , ?. ?. , ?. ?. , ?. ?. -. , , (?. ?. , ?. ?. , ?. ?. , ?. ?. , ?. ?. , A. M. , ?. ?. ). , ? , , ? - ? . ? , ? , . , ? ? ? ? . References 1. Bolinger, D. Degree Words. The Hague, Paris, Mouton. 1972 2. Erman, B.. Just wear a wig innit From identifying and proposition-oriented to intensifying and speaker-oriented grammaticalization in progress. In T. Haukioja (ed. ) Papers from the 16th Scandinavian Conference of linguistics. University of Turku Department of Finnish and General Linguistics. 1998 3. Givon, T. English Grammar.Amsterdam and Philadelphia, John Benjamins. 1993 4. Horn L. Some aspects of negation. Stanford, California Stanford University Press, 1978 5. Jespersen, O. Negation in English and other Languages. Copenhagen, A. F. Host. 1917 6. Kosarev, V. A. Features of function of negation in interrogative sentence, intercollege. Sat Scientific. Proceedings. Leningrad Science, 1986 18. 7. Lebedev, V. V. Negative sentences and questions of syntax. M. Progress, 1989 160 p. 8. Lowth, R. A short introduction to English grammar With critical notes. Philadelphia Printed by R. Aitken, no. 22, Market Street. 1799. 9. Milroy, L. Language and social n etworks.Oxford Blackwell. 1980 10. Paducheva E. V. , Rakhilina E. V. Predicting Co-Occurrence Restrictions By Using Semantic Classifications In The Lexicon. COLING 1990 231-236 11. Palacious Martinez I. Negative Intensification in modern English. A. Coruna A. Coruna University Press, 1995. 12. Paslavska A. Denial as language universals principles, parameters of operation. Lviv Ivan Franko national University. John Frank, 2005. 289 p. 13. Schendels, E. Deutsche grammatik / E. Schendels. M. Vysheishaya shkola, 1979 397p. 14. Tottie, G. Negation in English Speech and Writing. A Study in Variation. London, Academic Press Ltd. 1991

Micheal Jordan

basketball game is a police squad sport with five players per team. Theres a center, power forward, small forward, take down guard, and shooting guard. Brought up in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith, it has become one of the most gen eonl and astray viewed sports in America. The objective of basketball is to shoot a round ball into a hoop primed(p) ten feet in the air. Basketball consists of many rules and regulations or fouls. There ar two types of fouls technical fouls and alter fouls. Today there are two leagues the NBA (national basketball association) and the WNBA or womens basketball association.Michael Jeffrey Jordan was born on February 17, 1963 in Brooklyn New York. He began to try to start his sports career by playing all in stock(predicate) sports in high school. His junior year he was recruited to the University of normality Carolina to play college basketball and from there he was drafted third overall to the Chicago Bulls in 1997 were his career starts and he becom es the widely favourite icon you know. Michael started his team with a championship and an MVP award for himself. Jordan transcended basketball and became a national icon for great artistry, dignity, and history. Michael is rattling popular and has many nicknames.He had names that transcended basketball. Names such(prenominal) as Air Jordan and His Airness but hes best known by his initials M. J. Jordan was very well known and acknowledged by big stars. He starred in the movie Space Jam and was the star of the movie Like Mike. He has his own shoe line that came out in 1985 and is called Air Jordans which are widely popular and sponsored by Nike. Jordan is sponsored by many companies and he has been in many commercials supporting them. He has been in commercials such as Wheaties, Gatorade, McDonalds, Nike, and many more. Jordan has been to the Olympics twice for basketball.He has been to Los Angeles in 1984 where he and his team took the gold. He alike went to Barcelona in 1992 w ith his daydream Team were they took the gold again. Hes also been to two other American games were he also took the gold. He was in the FIBA American Games in Portland during 1992 and the Pan American Games in Caracas during 1983. Michael is now cardinal years old and owns the Charlotte Bobcats and other sports teams. He retired early in the 2004 season to his house in Wilmington, North Carolina. Jordan retired with over three hundred million dollars in his bank account.He has three kids, two boys Larry Jordan and James R. Jordan junior He also has a daughter Jasmine Jordan who was his youngest child. Jordan played for the Chicago Bulls who are one of the most popular and decorated teams in American history. The team was founded in 1966 by Dick Klein. Their owner is Jerry Reinsdorf their general music director is Gar Forman and their head coach Tom Thibodeau. The team has an estimated value of 600 million dollars. The team has won cardinal championships and six MVP awards. The ir also the only team in recorded history to win seventy-two games in one season.There part of the central division and the eastern conference. Their colors are white, black, and red. And they have an era devoted to M. J. called the Michael Jordan era which took place in the years 1984 through 1998. Michael Jordan is the biggest idol in basketball and sports history. He is widely known and very popular. Michael changed basketball history. He was a turning point in basketball that led the basketball world to new heights by inventing the dunk and many other things that are natural to see in basketball now. He changed basketball its fans and the world.