Realism in Romantic poetry Essay

Reality is abstract, as it depends on every individual’s own perspective. When Wordsworth says, â€Å"world is too much with us†, it depends on us how we look at the world, as every being has a world of his own. We acknowledge the events around us with whom we can relate, but ignore many other changes considerable for others. Most of the times, Romantics are considered escapist, and are alleged that their writings reflect an Imaginary world far from the reality surrounding us. But going through various poems of Wordsworth and Coleridge, I find it vice versa. â€Å"All bright and glittering in the smokeless air. Never did sun more beautifully steep In his first splendor, valley, rock, or hill; Ne’er saw I, never felt, a calm so deep! The river glideth at his own sweet will: Dear God! The very houses seem asleep; And all that mighty heart is lying still! † [Westminster Bridge; Wordsworth; Sept 3,1802] The allegation that Wordsworth moved from the harsh realities of the cities brought about by the industrial revolution initiated in 1765. This allegation was made relatively stronger by placing Wordsworth vis-a-vis Victorian realism. In my view such an allegation is a product of superficial readings of his poems. The poem composed upon ‘Westminster Bridge’ illustrates keen sense of socio-economy of the then London. It describes the urban landscape departing from his stock theme based on rural landscape. It talks about the landscape of the city which has been divested to its negative qualities. Like the smoke of the industries, the busy crowd, insensitive to its fellow man and the incessant desire in man to control nature. The term smokeless air is for him a matter to rejoice a state of the city distilled of the harmful effects of industrialization. The line, â€Å"the river glideth at his own sweet will† encapsulates the entire project of Wordsworth vis-a-vis the new call given by the middle class to conquer and exploit nature. In this sense his realism is much more pronounced and subtle than it is taken into account of. Citing from historical context, one can notice the involvement of the likes of Coleridge, Wordsworth and Lamb during French revolution. In 1798, the year ‘Lyrical Ballads’, a joint effort by Wordsworth and Coleridge, came out, was a turbulent period in England’s history. Hostilities had broken out between Her and France in 1793 (and was to last with unremarkable intermission for over twenty years), and by 1798, she was faring badly in the war. Wordsworth had, of course, visited France in 1791-92, and had been in Paris at perhaps the most critical of all the great moments of the French Revolution that began with the destruction of the notorious prison of the Bastille in July 1789. (Coleridge’s poem, An Ode on the Destruction of the Bastille). The political tussle between the Girondins and the Jacobins were at a height, and Wordsworth saw clearly the slow rise of the Jacobins under Robespierre. He felt a deep concern for the Girondin leaders whom he felt were the genuine revolutionaries. He believed in the â€Å"reasonableness† of human nature and also believed passionately that men were â€Å"worthy of liberty†. Wordsworth’s early republicanism, his concern for France and the Revolution is described memorably in his long and autobiographical Prelude: Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive, But to be young was very Heaven! O times, In which the meager, stale, forbidding ways Of custom, law and statute, took at once The attraction of a country in romance! The prelude testifies to the shock that Wordsworth felt in his â€Å"moral nature† when he saw the Revolution that was to redeem mankind, turn to dust. For many, Tom Paine, William Godwin, Coleridge and Wordsworth, the French Revolution was not simply as struggle of a people to be free- it was mankind’s struggle to achieve something better- a new age for the entire human race- when aristocracy and class privilege would give to democracy and â€Å"Reason† would destroy the fetters of superstition and tyranny. Coleridge, like Wordsworth, had been swayed by the ideals of the Revolution, but the savagery and unrestrained mob frenzy under the Terror disillusioned him as did the rise of Napoleon and France’s aggressive conquests of other European nations. In France, An Ode and Fears in Solitude, Coleridge describe his feelings with candour: O France, that mockest Heaven, adulterous, blind, And patriot only in pernicious toils! Are these thy boasts, Champion of humankind? To mix with kings in low lust of sway, Yell in the hunt, and share the murderous prey; To insult the Shrine of Liberty with spoils From freemen torn; to tempt and to betray? [France, An Ode] British sympathizers of the French Revolution like Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey were lampooned in the conservative press. Coleridge was so much influenced by William Godwin’s idea (Political Justice, 1793) of rejection of authority, abolition of private property, creation of a just state that along with Robert Southey, he was ready to set sail for America to establish a perfect state along the lines charted by Godwin. The political ideas of Wordsworth and Coleridge was also strengthened by pursuing the ideological goals of Unitarianism (which verged on radical deism) and drew heavily on the ideas of English â€Å"Commonwealthman† of the seventeenth century. Side by side to these intellectual debates between the conservatives and the liberals, the economic and the human cost of the war proving to be enormous. In the country, rural poverty was becoming acute and the number of beggars, starving children, gypsies, wounded soldiers roaming the country lanes could be seen from early poetry. Wordsworth’s poetic capability to recreate the sorrows and hardships of these homeless, starving populace is one of his lasting achievement as a poet. The Old Cumberland Beggar in poem of the same name, the traveler of Guilt and Sorrow, the blind London beggar in The Prelude are all powerful figures of forsaken humanity who become permanent symbols of the human condition. The effect of industrialization was viewed by both Wordsworth and Coleridge with a mixture of excitement and distrust. The new industrial cities- Birmingham, Sheffield, Liverpool, Leeds, Manchester, by 1815, contained a large population that had come from the country to look for work, and both Wordsworth and Coleridge were increasingly worried about the rising number of poor. Against the expanding complexities of men living in an industrial wasteland, the destruction of old livelihoods and an increasing impossibility to believe in a benign Providence, harmony with Nature offered the Romantic poets another way of life. The disruptive force of the French Revolution added the impetus to romanticism. There are individual differences among the great romantic poets concerning the conception of nature. But all of them share a common objection to the mechanistic universe of the eighteenth century- even though Wordsworth admires Newton and accepts him, at least in the orthodox interpretation. All romantic poets conceived of nature as an organic whole, on the analogue of man rather than a concourse of atoms- a nature that is not divorced from aesthetic values, which are just as real (or rather more real) than the abstractions of science. My conclusion concerning the romantic poets may be unorthodox and even unconventional. On the whole political criteria seem grossly overrated as a basis for judging a man. References Blake, Wordsworth and Coleridge [Edited by Debjan Sengupta and Shernaz Cama; Worldview Critical Editions] The Prelude by William Wordsworth An Ode on the Destruction of the Bastille by Samuel Taylor Coleridge

1. Discuss Four Building Blocks for Achieving Competitive Advantage in an Organization.

PRINCIPLES OF MICROECONOMICS No: 12 PED 1113 1. | Name of Subject | PRINCIPLES OF MICROECONOMICS| 2. | Code of Subject| PED1113| 3. | Synopsis| This course will give students good exposure to basic economic concepts. They need to be able to understand, analyse and implement the theoretical conceptual into the existing economic situation. | 4. | Name of Teaching Staff | Rezal [email  protected] com| 5. | Semester and Year Offered| Year 1, Sem 1 | 6. | Credit Value | 3 credits (2 hours lecture and 1. 5 tutorial) | 7. | Prerequisite (if any) | Nil| 8. Rationale for the inclusion of the subject in the program | The need for economics knowledge in all fields of studies. | 9. | Mode of Delivery| Lecture and Tutorial| 10. | Subject Objectives| To equip students with basic economics knowledge so as to be able to apply in day to day tasks. Able to understand and analyse economics theories and conceptual. | 11. | Learning Outcomes| Upon completing this course, students will be able to: 1. Un derstand the basic concept of economics. 2. Apply the concepts demand and supply to identify how market reached its equilibrium position. 3.Identify various coefficients in elasticity and understand how rational consumers behave. 4. Identify the production process and how cost is determined. 5. Understand various market structures and its profit position both in the short and long run. | 12. | Transferable Skills| From this course, students will acquire additional transferable skills namely: * Analytical Skill – students were given questions and analyse the outcome that arises due to the situation given. * Research skills – Students are required to conduct assignment on selected topics either individually or in groups. Social skills – Students will develop basic social skills through class discussions and group assignments. * Time-management skills– Students will learn to practice and manage their time to balance between their academic and social responsi bilities. * Critical thinking skills– Students will develop critical thinking ability through coursework completion, problem solving exercises and class discussions. | 13. | Teaching Learning and Assessment Strategy | | Teaching & Learning Methods| Assessment Strategy | | Discussion| /| 1. Peer evaluation 2.Student assessment feedback| | Problem solving| | 3. | | Case study | /| | | Project | /| | | Lecture| /| | | Tutorial | | | 14. | Assessment Method and Types | Final Examination : 40%Course Work : 60%Course work comprises of the following items : – 2 Test : 30% – 4 Quizzes : 20% – Group Assignment : 10%| Content outline of the course/module and the SLT per topic| | TOPIC (S)| Lecture| Tutorial| Lab/ Practical| Independent Study| Student Learning Time (SLT)| | 1. 0 INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMICS 1. 1 Basic economic concepts: scarcity, choices and opportunity cost. 1. 2 Basic economic problems 1. 3 Economics system comprises free market, planned economy an d Mixed economy. | 2| 1. 5| | 5| 18| | 1. 0 Demand, Supply and Market Equilibrium. 1. 1 Demand 1. 2. 1 Definition of demand 1. 2. 2 Law of demand 1. . 3 Market demand curve 1. 2. 4 Determinants of demand 1. 2 Supply 1. 3. 5 Definition of supply 1. 3. 6 Law of supply 1. 3. 7 Market supply curve 1. 3. 8 Determinants of supply 1. 3 Market Equilibrium 1. 4. 9 Definition of equilibrium 1. 4. 10 Condition of equilibrium 1. 4. 11 Changes in demand and supply| 8| 6| | 20| 28| | 1. 0 Elasticity and Consumer Behavior 1. 1 Elasticity 1. 2. 1 Price elasticity of demand 1. 2. 2 Cross lasticity of demand 1. 2. 3 Income elasticity of demand 1. 2. 4 Elasticity of supply 1. 2 Consumer Behaviour 1. 3. 5 Ordinal Approach 1. 3. 6 Cardinal Approach| 6| 4. 5| | 16| 26| | 1. 0 Theory of Production and Costs of Production 1. 1 Theory of production 1. 2. 1 Definition of production 1. 2. 2 Variable input and fixed input 1. 2. 3 Short-run and long-run period 1. 2. 4 Total product, average product and marginal product 1. 2 Cost of production4. 2. Calculation of seven (7) types of cost of production the in the short-run period| 6| 4. 5| | 14| 24| | 6. 0 Market Structure 5. 1 Perfect competition5. 1. 1 Characteristics5. 1. 2 Profit maximization in the short-run5. 1. 3 Profit maximization in the long-run 5. 2 Monopolistic Competition5. 2. 1 Characteristics5. 2. 2 Profit maximization in the short-run5. 2. 3 Profit maximization in the long-run 5. 3 Monopoly5. 3. 1 Characteristics5. 3. 2 Profit maximization in the short-run5. 3. 3 Profit maximization in the long-run| 6| 4. | | 16| 24| | Total of Student Learning Time (SLT)| 28| 21| | 71| 120| | Main Reference supporting the course 1) Deviga, V and Karunagaran, M. (2007) Principles of Economics, 1st edition, Shah Alam: Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. | 20. | Additional References: 1) David Begg, Stanley Fischer and Rudiger Dornbusch, 2003, Economics, 7th ed. , McGraw-Hill. 2) Baumol W. J and Blinder, 1998, A. S. Economics: Principles and Policy, Harcour t. 3) Sadono Sukirno, 1998, Mikroekonomi, Edisi ke-3. 4) Colanderm D. C. , 1995, Economics, Irwin. 5) Campbell R. Mc Connel & Stanley L.Brue, 1993, Economics, McGraw-Hill. 6) Lipsey, R. G. , 1992, The Fundamentals to Positive Economics, Harper and Row. 7) Hashim Ali (2003) Comprehensive Economics Guide, 2nd edition, Singapore: Oxford University Press. | Assignment topic. Choose one topic from the list below and form a group in which consists of minimum 4 students and maximum 6 students. Submission of assignment; first week after term break. 1. Economic system in the world 2. Government’s roles in the market 3. Demand and supply 4. Consumer behaviour 5. Production process and costs involve. . New product in the market. Introduction to economics -the word economy comes from the Greek word oikonomos, which means â€Å"one who manages a household -economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources. -the management of society’s resources is important becaus e resources are scarce. -scarcity means that society has limited resources and therefore cannot produce all the goods and services people wish to have. -opportunity cost of an item is what you give up in order to get another item. Ten principles of economics 1. People face trade-off to get one thing that we like, we usually have to give up another thing that we like. -for example parents deciding how to spend their family income. They can buy food, clothing, or a family vacation. -efficiency means that society is getting the maximum benefits from its scarce resources. -equality means that those benefits are distributed uniformly among society’s members. 2. The cost of something is what you give up to get it -making decisions require comparing the costs and benefits of alternative courses of a action 3. Rational people think at the margin. rational people are the people who systematically do the best they can to achieve their objectives, given the available opportunities. -mar ginal changes mean small incremental adjustments to an existing plan of action. 4. People respond to incentives -incentives is something that induces a person to act, such as the prospect of a punishment or a reward. -example, a higher price in a market provides an incentive for buyers to consume less and an incentive for sellers to produce more. 5. Trade can make everyone better off trade allows each person to specialize in the activities he or she does best -by trading with other, people can buy a greater variety of goods and services at lower lower cost. 6. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity -market economy is an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and household as they interact in markets for goods and services. 7. Government can sometimes improve market outcomes -market economies needs institution to enforce property rights so individuals can own and control scarce resources. market failure refers to a sit uation in which market on its own fails to produce an efficient allocation of resources. -market power refers to the ability of a single person or small group to have a substantial influence on a market prices. 8. A country’s standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services -productivity means the quantity of goods and services produced from each of labor input. 9. Prices rise when the government prints too much money -inflation refers to an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy. 0. Society faces a short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment -short run effects of monetary injections are; increasing the amount of money in the economy stimulates the overall level of spending, firms to raise their prices hiring more workers, produce larger quantity of product and services and lower employment. Economic system comprises: 1. Free market economy: allocation for resources is determined only by their supply and demand for them with a little or no government control.It is also called as capitalist. Advantages; quick respond to the people’s wants, wide variety of goods and services and efficient use of resources encouraged. Disadvantages; unemployment, certain goods and services may not be provided, consumption of harmful goods and services may be encouraged, and ignorance of social cost.Examples, United State, Canada, United Kingdom, South Africa, Mexico Germany. Lassez-Faire economics; one of the guiding principles of capitalism, this doctrine claims that economic system should be free from government intervention or moderation and be driven only by the market forces. French word means allow to pass or let go.Invisible hand: a term coined by economist Adam Smith in his 1776 book â€Å"An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations†. Smith assumed that individuals try to maximize their own good (and become wealthier), and by doing so, through trade and entrepreneurship. Furthermore , any government intervention in the economy isn’t needed because the invisible hand is the best guide for the economy.Thus, the invisible hand is essentially a natural phenomenon that guides free markets capitalism through competition for scarce resources. 2. Planned economy: market is controlled and determined by government. Give the government dictatorship type control over the resources of the country. It is also called as socialist.Advantages; the welfare of the citizen is the primary goal of the economic system, wasteful competition is avoided, wages are controlled by state and there is no industrial unrest, there is a greater emphasis on the quantity of life (health, education, elimination of poverty, moral direction) than on the quantity of production (output) in the country and can rovide stability. Disadvantages; can limit the growth and advancement of the country if the government does not allocate resources to the innovative enterprises, no freedom of choices for producers and or consumers and lack of incentives for workers results in low morale efficiency. Examples Cuba, Venezuela, China and Vietnam. 3.Mixed economy: includes a mixture of capitalism and socialism. The combination of private economic freedom and centralized economic planning and government regulation. Advantages; benefit from capitalist and socialist, still emphasis on welfare of society, less income inequality and monopolies exist but under close supervision of the government.Disadvantages; lower the optimum use of resources and enterprises face difficulties due to government favouritism and bureaucratic nature. Examples France, Spain Italy, South Korea and Brazil. Circular-flow diagram: a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flows through markets among households and firms. MARKETS FOR GOODS AND SERVICES * Firms sell * Household buy FIRMS * Produce and sell goods and services * Hire and use factors of productionsMARKETS FOR FACTORS OF PRODUCTION * Hou seholds sell * Firms buy Revenue Spending HOUSEHOLDS * buy and consume goods and services * own and sell factors of production Goods and services sold Goods and services bought Factors of production Labor, land and capital Wages, rent and profit Income This diagram is a schematic representation of the organization of the economy.Decisions are made by households and firms. Household and firms interact in the markets for goods and services (where households are buyers and firms are sellers) and in the market for the factors of production (where firms are buyers and households are sellers). The outer set of arrows show the flow of dollars and the inner set of arrows show the corresponding flow of inputs and output. The Production Possibilities Frontier: shows the combination of output, in this case cars and computers that economy can possibly can produce.The economy can produce any combination on or inside the frontier . Points outside the frontier are not feasible given the economy ’s resources. A shift in the production Possibilities Frontier -a technological advance in the computer industry enables the economy to produces more computer for any given number of cars. As a result, the production possibilities frontier shifts outwards.Market Market: a group of buyer and sellers of a particular goods and services Competitive market: a market in which there are many buyers and sellers so that each has negligible impact on the market price. Perfectly competetive: must have 2 characteristics 1) the goods offered for sale are exactly the same 2) the buyers and sellers are so numerous that no single buyer or seller has any influence over the market price.Monopoly: only one seller offer for the specific goods and services and this seller sets the price. Demand Demand: goods and services that buyers are willing and able to purchase. Quantity demanded: the amount of goods that buyers are willing and able to purchase. The demand curve: The relationship between pric e and quantity demanded Law of demand: the claims that, other thing equal, the quantity demanded of a goods falls when the price of the goods rises. Demand schedule: a table shows the relationship between the price of good and the quantity demanded.Individual demand: the demands of one person for the particular goods and services Market demand: the sum of all the individual demands for the particular goods and services Price of ice-cream| Quantity of ice-cream demanded| | Nick| Mary| Market| $0. 00| 7| 5| 12| $0. 50| 6| 4| 10| $1. 00| 5| 3| 8| $1. 50| 4| 2| 6| $2. 00| 3| 1| 4| $2. 50| 1| 1| 2| $3. 00| 0| 0| 0| Variables/Determinants that shift the demand curve 1. Income 2. Price of related goods 3. Tastes 4. Expectation 5. Number of buyer Types of goods 1. Public goods: non rivalry and non excludability. National defence a. Free goods: goods with no opportunity cost.Air, sea b. Merit goods: people underestimate benefit. Education 2. Private goods: have rivalry and excludability a. D emerit goods: underestimate cost of consuming it. Drugs, cigarettes etc b. Normal goods: always use in a daily life. Income increases/demand increases. Clothes, shoes etc. c. Inferior goods: lower quality. Income increases/demand decreases. Bread, rice, bus service etc. d. Substitutes goods: have same functions. Price increases/demand for another brand increases. colgate, darlie, sensodyne etc. e. Complement goods: needs each other in using it. Price increases/demand for the other decreases. ar and gasoline. f. Luxury goods: very expensive goods. Price increases/demand increases. Supply Supply: goods and services that producers are willing and able to sell. Quantity supplied: the amount of a goods that sellers are willing and able to sell Law of supply: the claim that, other thing equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of a good rises. Supply schedule: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied. Supply curve: a grap h of the relationship between the price of good and the quantity supplied.Market supply: the sum of all the individual supplies for the particular goods and services Price of ice-cream| Quantity of ice-cream supplied| | Mike| John| Market| $0. 00| 0| 0| 0| $0. 50| 1| 1| 2| $1. 00| 3| 1| 4| $1. 50| 4| 2| 6| $2. 00| 5| 3| 8| $2. 50| 6| 4| 10| $3. 00| 7| 5| 12| Variables/Determinants that shift the supply curve. 1. Input prices 2. Technology 3. Expectations 4. Number of sellers Equilibrium Equilibrium: a situation in which the market price has reached the level at which quantity supplied equals to quantity demanded.Equilibrium price: the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded Equilibrium quantity: the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price. Surplus: a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded. Shortage: a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied Law of supply and demand: the cl aim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balance.A Change in Market Equilibrium Due to a shift in Demand -A hot weather makes peoples want to eat more ice cream, the demand curve shifts to the right. A Change in Market Equilibrium Due to a shift in Supply -Increase in price of sugar will increase the cost of production, the supply curve shifts to the left. Shifts in both Supply and demand -A hot weather will increases the demand of ice cream and the hurricane will decreases the supply of ice cream 1. Discuss Four Building Blocks for Achieving Competitive Advantage in an Organization. PRINCIPLES OF MICROECONOMICS No: 12 PED 1113 1. | Name of Subject | PRINCIPLES OF MICROECONOMICS| 2. | Code of Subject| PED1113| 3. | Synopsis| This course will give students good exposure to basic economic concepts. They need to be able to understand, analyse and implement the theoretical conceptual into the existing economic situation. | 4. | Name of Teaching Staff | Rezal [email  protected] com| 5. | Semester and Year Offered| Year 1, Sem 1 | 6. | Credit Value | 3 credits (2 hours lecture and 1. 5 tutorial) | 7. | Prerequisite (if any) | Nil| 8. Rationale for the inclusion of the subject in the program | The need for economics knowledge in all fields of studies. | 9. | Mode of Delivery| Lecture and Tutorial| 10. | Subject Objectives| To equip students with basic economics knowledge so as to be able to apply in day to day tasks. Able to understand and analyse economics theories and conceptual. | 11. | Learning Outcomes| Upon completing this course, students will be able to: 1. Un derstand the basic concept of economics. 2. Apply the concepts demand and supply to identify how market reached its equilibrium position. 3.Identify various coefficients in elasticity and understand how rational consumers behave. 4. Identify the production process and how cost is determined. 5. Understand various market structures and its profit position both in the short and long run. | 12. | Transferable Skills| From this course, students will acquire additional transferable skills namely: * Analytical Skill – students were given questions and analyse the outcome that arises due to the situation given. * Research skills – Students are required to conduct assignment on selected topics either individually or in groups. Social skills – Students will develop basic social skills through class discussions and group assignments. * Time-management skills– Students will learn to practice and manage their time to balance between their academic and social responsi bilities. * Critical thinking skills– Students will develop critical thinking ability through coursework completion, problem solving exercises and class discussions. | 13. | Teaching Learning and Assessment Strategy | | Teaching & Learning Methods| Assessment Strategy | | Discussion| /| 1. Peer evaluation 2.Student assessment feedback| | Problem solving| | 3. | | Case study | /| | | Project | /| | | Lecture| /| | | Tutorial | | | 14. | Assessment Method and Types | Final Examination : 40%Course Work : 60%Course work comprises of the following items : – 2 Test : 30% – 4 Quizzes : 20% – Group Assignment : 10%| Content outline of the course/module and the SLT per topic| | TOPIC (S)| Lecture| Tutorial| Lab/ Practical| Independent Study| Student Learning Time (SLT)| | 1. 0 INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMICS 1. 1 Basic economic concepts: scarcity, choices and opportunity cost. 1. 2 Basic economic problems 1. 3 Economics system comprises free market, planned economy an d Mixed economy. | 2| 1. 5| | 5| 18| | 1. 0 Demand, Supply and Market Equilibrium. 1. 1 Demand 1. 2. 1 Definition of demand 1. 2. 2 Law of demand 1. . 3 Market demand curve 1. 2. 4 Determinants of demand 1. 2 Supply 1. 3. 5 Definition of supply 1. 3. 6 Law of supply 1. 3. 7 Market supply curve 1. 3. 8 Determinants of supply 1. 3 Market Equilibrium 1. 4. 9 Definition of equilibrium 1. 4. 10 Condition of equilibrium 1. 4. 11 Changes in demand and supply| 8| 6| | 20| 28| | 1. 0 Elasticity and Consumer Behavior 1. 1 Elasticity 1. 2. 1 Price elasticity of demand 1. 2. 2 Cross lasticity of demand 1. 2. 3 Income elasticity of demand 1. 2. 4 Elasticity of supply 1. 2 Consumer Behaviour 1. 3. 5 Ordinal Approach 1. 3. 6 Cardinal Approach| 6| 4. 5| | 16| 26| | 1. 0 Theory of Production and Costs of Production 1. 1 Theory of production 1. 2. 1 Definition of production 1. 2. 2 Variable input and fixed input 1. 2. 3 Short-run and long-run period 1. 2. 4 Total product, average product and marginal product 1. 2 Cost of production4. 2. Calculation of seven (7) types of cost of production the in the short-run period| 6| 4. 5| | 14| 24| | 6. 0 Market Structure 5. 1 Perfect competition5. 1. 1 Characteristics5. 1. 2 Profit maximization in the short-run5. 1. 3 Profit maximization in the long-run 5. 2 Monopolistic Competition5. 2. 1 Characteristics5. 2. 2 Profit maximization in the short-run5. 2. 3 Profit maximization in the long-run 5. 3 Monopoly5. 3. 1 Characteristics5. 3. 2 Profit maximization in the short-run5. 3. 3 Profit maximization in the long-run| 6| 4. | | 16| 24| | Total of Student Learning Time (SLT)| 28| 21| | 71| 120| | Main Reference supporting the course 1) Deviga, V and Karunagaran, M. (2007) Principles of Economics, 1st edition, Shah Alam: Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. | 20. | Additional References: 1) David Begg, Stanley Fischer and Rudiger Dornbusch, 2003, Economics, 7th ed. , McGraw-Hill. 2) Baumol W. J and Blinder, 1998, A. S. Economics: Principles and Policy, Harcour t. 3) Sadono Sukirno, 1998, Mikroekonomi, Edisi ke-3. 4) Colanderm D. C. , 1995, Economics, Irwin. 5) Campbell R. Mc Connel & Stanley L.Brue, 1993, Economics, McGraw-Hill. 6) Lipsey, R. G. , 1992, The Fundamentals to Positive Economics, Harper and Row. 7) Hashim Ali (2003) Comprehensive Economics Guide, 2nd edition, Singapore: Oxford University Press. | Assignment topic. Choose one topic from the list below and form a group in which consists of minimum 4 students and maximum 6 students. Submission of assignment; first week after term break. 1. Economic system in the world 2. Government’s roles in the market 3. Demand and supply 4. Consumer behaviour 5. Production process and costs involve. . New product in the market. Introduction to economics -the word economy comes from the Greek word oikonomos, which means â€Å"one who manages a household -economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources. -the management of society’s resources is important becaus e resources are scarce. -scarcity means that society has limited resources and therefore cannot produce all the goods and services people wish to have. -opportunity cost of an item is what you give up in order to get another item. Ten principles of economics 1. People face trade-off to get one thing that we like, we usually have to give up another thing that we like. -for example parents deciding how to spend their family income. They can buy food, clothing, or a family vacation. -efficiency means that society is getting the maximum benefits from its scarce resources. -equality means that those benefits are distributed uniformly among society’s members. 2. The cost of something is what you give up to get it -making decisions require comparing the costs and benefits of alternative courses of a action 3. Rational people think at the margin. rational people are the people who systematically do the best they can to achieve their objectives, given the available opportunities. -mar ginal changes mean small incremental adjustments to an existing plan of action. 4. People respond to incentives -incentives is something that induces a person to act, such as the prospect of a punishment or a reward. -example, a higher price in a market provides an incentive for buyers to consume less and an incentive for sellers to produce more. 5. Trade can make everyone better off trade allows each person to specialize in the activities he or she does best -by trading with other, people can buy a greater variety of goods and services at lower lower cost. 6. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity -market economy is an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and household as they interact in markets for goods and services. 7. Government can sometimes improve market outcomes -market economies needs institution to enforce property rights so individuals can own and control scarce resources. market failure refers to a sit uation in which market on its own fails to produce an efficient allocation of resources. -market power refers to the ability of a single person or small group to have a substantial influence on a market prices. 8. A country’s standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services -productivity means the quantity of goods and services produced from each of labor input. 9. Prices rise when the government prints too much money -inflation refers to an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy. 0. Society faces a short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment -short run effects of monetary injections are; increasing the amount of money in the economy stimulates the overall level of spending, firms to raise their prices hiring more workers, produce larger quantity of product and services and lower employment. Economic system comprises: 1. Free market economy: allocation for resources is determined only by their supply and demand for them with a little or no government control.It is also called as capitalist. Advantages; quick respond to the people’s wants, wide variety of goods and services and efficient use of resources encouraged. Disadvantages; unemployment, certain goods and services may not be provided, consumption of harmful goods and services may be encouraged, and ignorance of social cost.Examples, United State, Canada, United Kingdom, South Africa, Mexico Germany. Lassez-Faire economics; one of the guiding principles of capitalism, this doctrine claims that economic system should be free from government intervention or moderation and be driven only by the market forces. French word means allow to pass or let go.Invisible hand: a term coined by economist Adam Smith in his 1776 book â€Å"An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations†. Smith assumed that individuals try to maximize their own good (and become wealthier), and by doing so, through trade and entrepreneurship. Furthermore , any government intervention in the economy isn’t needed because the invisible hand is the best guide for the economy.Thus, the invisible hand is essentially a natural phenomenon that guides free markets capitalism through competition for scarce resources. 2. Planned economy: market is controlled and determined by government. Give the government dictatorship type control over the resources of the country. It is also called as socialist.Advantages; the welfare of the citizen is the primary goal of the economic system, wasteful competition is avoided, wages are controlled by state and there is no industrial unrest, there is a greater emphasis on the quantity of life (health, education, elimination of poverty, moral direction) than on the quantity of production (output) in the country and can rovide stability. Disadvantages; can limit the growth and advancement of the country if the government does not allocate resources to the innovative enterprises, no freedom of choices for producers and or consumers and lack of incentives for workers results in low morale efficiency. Examples Cuba, Venezuela, China and Vietnam. 3.Mixed economy: includes a mixture of capitalism and socialism. The combination of private economic freedom and centralized economic planning and government regulation. Advantages; benefit from capitalist and socialist, still emphasis on welfare of society, less income inequality and monopolies exist but under close supervision of the government.Disadvantages; lower the optimum use of resources and enterprises face difficulties due to government favouritism and bureaucratic nature. Examples France, Spain Italy, South Korea and Brazil. Circular-flow diagram: a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flows through markets among households and firms. MARKETS FOR GOODS AND SERVICES * Firms sell * Household buy FIRMS * Produce and sell goods and services * Hire and use factors of productionsMARKETS FOR FACTORS OF PRODUCTION * Hou seholds sell * Firms buy Revenue Spending HOUSEHOLDS * buy and consume goods and services * own and sell factors of production Goods and services sold Goods and services bought Factors of production Labor, land and capital Wages, rent and profit Income This diagram is a schematic representation of the organization of the economy.Decisions are made by households and firms. Household and firms interact in the markets for goods and services (where households are buyers and firms are sellers) and in the market for the factors of production (where firms are buyers and households are sellers). The outer set of arrows show the flow of dollars and the inner set of arrows show the corresponding flow of inputs and output. The Production Possibilities Frontier: shows the combination of output, in this case cars and computers that economy can possibly can produce.The economy can produce any combination on or inside the frontier . Points outside the frontier are not feasible given the economy ’s resources. A shift in the production Possibilities Frontier -a technological advance in the computer industry enables the economy to produces more computer for any given number of cars. As a result, the production possibilities frontier shifts outwards.Market Market: a group of buyer and sellers of a particular goods and services Competitive market: a market in which there are many buyers and sellers so that each has negligible impact on the market price. Perfectly competetive: must have 2 characteristics 1) the goods offered for sale are exactly the same 2) the buyers and sellers are so numerous that no single buyer or seller has any influence over the market price.Monopoly: only one seller offer for the specific goods and services and this seller sets the price. Demand Demand: goods and services that buyers are willing and able to purchase. Quantity demanded: the amount of goods that buyers are willing and able to purchase. The demand curve: The relationship between pric e and quantity demanded Law of demand: the claims that, other thing equal, the quantity demanded of a goods falls when the price of the goods rises. Demand schedule: a table shows the relationship between the price of good and the quantity demanded.Individual demand: the demands of one person for the particular goods and services Market demand: the sum of all the individual demands for the particular goods and services Price of ice-cream| Quantity of ice-cream demanded| | Nick| Mary| Market| $0. 00| 7| 5| 12| $0. 50| 6| 4| 10| $1. 00| 5| 3| 8| $1. 50| 4| 2| 6| $2. 00| 3| 1| 4| $2. 50| 1| 1| 2| $3. 00| 0| 0| 0| Variables/Determinants that shift the demand curve 1. Income 2. Price of related goods 3. Tastes 4. Expectation 5. Number of buyer Types of goods 1. Public goods: non rivalry and non excludability. National defence a. Free goods: goods with no opportunity cost.Air, sea b. Merit goods: people underestimate benefit. Education 2. Private goods: have rivalry and excludability a. D emerit goods: underestimate cost of consuming it. Drugs, cigarettes etc b. Normal goods: always use in a daily life. Income increases/demand increases. Clothes, shoes etc. c. Inferior goods: lower quality. Income increases/demand decreases. Bread, rice, bus service etc. d. Substitutes goods: have same functions. Price increases/demand for another brand increases. colgate, darlie, sensodyne etc. e. Complement goods: needs each other in using it. Price increases/demand for the other decreases. ar and gasoline. f. Luxury goods: very expensive goods. Price increases/demand increases. Supply Supply: goods and services that producers are willing and able to sell. Quantity supplied: the amount of a goods that sellers are willing and able to sell Law of supply: the claim that, other thing equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of a good rises. Supply schedule: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied. Supply curve: a grap h of the relationship between the price of good and the quantity supplied.Market supply: the sum of all the individual supplies for the particular goods and services Price of ice-cream| Quantity of ice-cream supplied| | Mike| John| Market| $0. 00| 0| 0| 0| $0. 50| 1| 1| 2| $1. 00| 3| 1| 4| $1. 50| 4| 2| 6| $2. 00| 5| 3| 8| $2. 50| 6| 4| 10| $3. 00| 7| 5| 12| Variables/Determinants that shift the supply curve. 1. Input prices 2. Technology 3. Expectations 4. Number of sellers Equilibrium Equilibrium: a situation in which the market price has reached the level at which quantity supplied equals to quantity demanded.Equilibrium price: the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded Equilibrium quantity: the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price. Surplus: a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded. Shortage: a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied Law of supply and demand: the cl aim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balance.A Change in Market Equilibrium Due to a shift in Demand -A hot weather makes peoples want to eat more ice cream, the demand curve shifts to the right. A Change in Market Equilibrium Due to a shift in Supply -Increase in price of sugar will increase the cost of production, the supply curve shifts to the left. Shifts in both Supply and demand -A hot weather will increases the demand of ice cream and the hurricane will decreases the supply of ice cream

Anorexia Essays - 9, Startup Cult, Rasony Raion, First Mistake

Anorexia We all know that action is the key to success, and we always try to be the very best. But in a world that will try to knock you down you must have the strength to survive the final round. Growing up today you have to be wise because its hard to tell the truth when its covered by the lies. The world can be cruel and the world can be kind, but you had better step up or you'll be left behind. This is some of a poem that one of my friends from my support group had shared on the first day. But I shouldn't get to far ahead of myself, my name is Ender Olson, and I suffer from a very serious disorder, it is called anorexia. Some may say that anorexia is not that serious, but it changed my life, and many others. It started around when I was 13, I had never really had to worry about my weight, I had a fast digestive system, and I never seemed to gain weight. But when I hit puberty things seemed to change. My body was growing, and I started to put on weight, but this didn't bother me at all, and why should it have. But it started to in the summer of 1996, it was at summer camp, we had swimming, and it was mandatory. But unlike most of the kids I had no problem with this, I was a strong swimmer and enjoyed it allot. I got to my swim class and sat down. It was a very warm day, a day that I would remember for a long time. Well we all sat on the dock listing to them give instructions on what to do and stuff like that. But I was hot, so I took off my shirt, first mistake. The girls sitting across from me stared at me and were whispering to each other, but I had no idea what they were saying. So I did the class but as I got out of the water I was behind the two girls. They were laughing, the first one said "Did you see that guy, he had bigger boobs then you did." So I assumed they were talking about me. The signs all pointed that way, and that was the first time a person ever called me fat, and I was assured to make it my last. I started to work out at camp. Weights at the Fitness area, running the camp road, pull up's, and swimming. It seemed to work, and for that time until the end of the summer I was happy. Then I got home from camp, and I stopped, and the weight piled on again, I could see it. Nobody told me about it because that would just be very rude. But I knew what they were thinking. So I started to work out at the gym. But that wasn't it; I also cut back on food. Suddenly I was spending almost 2 hours everyday after school at the gym, and it seemed to be working. I was thin, but not happy. To make up for all the fat that I thought I still had, I cut out meals, to start I just didn't eat breakfast, no problem. It worked my result's were better then ever, because I didn't eat. So I starved myself more and more, thinking food was what was making me gain all that weight, my day was, Work, Sleep, Drink, Nibble. I started feeling faint, and I couldn't do as many laps, and I couldn't lift as much anymore, but I pushed. Then one day I was doing repetitions of 120 pounds, up, down, up, down, up, down, up, but then all of a sudden the weight became really heavy, and the room dimmed, and then black. I woke up in a room that was white. I thought I was dead, and then I saw my parents come over and look at me crying. For the first time in so long, I didn't care about how I looked, I only cared about being alive, and to be where I was. Of course the weight had hit my chest breaking all

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words - 2

Business Law - Essay Example This paper shall consider different authorities on the subject matter in order to arrive at a scholarly appraisal of the subject matter. According to section 181 of the Corporations Act, â€Å"a director or other officer of a corporation must exercise their power and discharge their duties in good faith in the best interest of the corporation and for a proper use†. Violations of this provision make a director civilly and criminally liable. For directors who act dishonestly and recklessly, criminal liability may be forthcoming (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1997). The directors’ duty is to avoid conflicts of duty and interest and therefore, he must not allow conflicts of interest to compromise his position in the company. Sections 191-195 of the Corporations Act set forth obligations for directors to not allow conflicts of interest to arise from his actions. Based on these provisions, directors are therefore called on to notify the board of directors when there are instances of personal interest which have a bearing on the company activities and affairs (Panoramic Resources, 200 8). Section 195 of the Corporations Law specifies that a director of a public company cannot be present during a voting or board meeting where the members are deliberating an issue where he is an essential person of interest. He may however be present if the other directors pass a resolution allowing him to be present and to vote; and if the ASIC orders a specific order on the issue (Corporations Law, 2001). The responsibilities in the section cover board meetings, and meetings of committees of the board. This is to be applied even if the committee would not have any bearing on the affairs of the company. Committees under advisory capacities are therefore part of the prohibition (Tomasic, et.al., 2002). In evaluating the terms under which

Issues Intestacy Shares under Sharia Law and California Probate Code Thesis

Issues Intestacy Shares under Sharia Law and California Probate Code - Thesis Example In addition, a Sharia trust has the added advantage of setting aside surplus wealth to meet contingencies of the future. The law and practice of Sharia tend to be prescriptive, and heirs under this regime obtain rights to aliquot shares in the estate of the individual from whom they have descended.2 With regard to the Sharia law, it is obligatory for a Muslim to follow the strict formulation that it prescribes, in the context of dividing property among the heirs. Moreover, this obligation is religious; and individuals cannot inherit or disinherit the members of their family, in accordance with their whims and fancies. This latter requirement is aimed at averting potential conflict in a family unit. The objective of the Qur’an is to severely restrict any act that could jeopardize a family unit. 3 At several places, the Qur’an provides clear cut instructions regarding the disposal of property. Thus, verse seven of the fourth chapter declares that men and women have a share in the property left by parents and near relatives. Such share hold good, irrespective of the extent of the property. This has the effect of providing them with a determinate share. An elaborate account of the laws related to inheritance shares is to be found at verses 11 and 12 of chapter four.4 Despite these exhortations, the Qur’an does not provide a comprehensive scheme for dealing with the distribution of inherited property and wealth. Further instructions, have to be gleaned from the Hadith or recorded sayings of the Prophet Muhammad. This makes it abundantly clear that a will that complies with the Qur’an and Hadith should be in place. In addition, these sources of inheritance law permit scholars to divide a structured and rule based mechanism of inheritance.5 It is incumbent upon Muslims to possess a written will, as per the tenets of the Sharia law. In fact, the Prophet Muhammad had declared in the collection

HEALTH LAW AND ETHICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 16

HEALTH LAW AND ETHICS - Essay Example Still, should value and regard fair guidance and advice, which in turn creates a favourable environment for employees. Thirdly, love and kindness are paramount as it creates a corporate culture through extending love and compassion that eventually promotes ethical decision-making. Facilitating ethical behaviour with attitudes and values requires one to have alignment among behaviour, attitudes, and values. Lastly, it is important to make decisions based on justice and fair consideration of facts. An administrator can encourage accountability and social responsibility in health care organizations by doing the following. First, administrators should be facilitators in health care organizations to ensure that employees carry out their duties as ought to do. Secondly, they should handle daily personnel problems and patient complaints to promote a favourable environment. To promote social responsibility, administrators should deal with individuals one on one to detect any undesirable behaviour that may deteriorate rules and regulations of a health care organization. Thirdly, it expected that administrators should relinquish critical decision to physicians. As a result, this encourages accountability, as one understands his or her duties and responsibilities. Following this, developing the above mentioned skills create a platform towards making effective decisions and delegating managerial tasks

Corporate Reputation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 2

Corporate Reputation - Assignment Example Thus, corporate reputation is rooted in the following three intertwined aspects including the existent company values (as exemplified by the company/ organizational culture), the entity’s services and products offered, and the overall coexistence and interpersonal relationships existent in the entity’s employee base. In addition, pertinent procedures and processes, which aid in the smooth running of the business, are vital. Overall, corporate reputation rests on the existent industry legislation/regulations, the influencers, who include labor/trade unions and bodies, in addition to, the very influential media and press, regional and national influence (in the form of government action and taxation, in addition to, existent professional advisors), and the overall existent industry structure. This encompasses existent competitors, suppliers, new business entities and most importantly the customer/ consumer base. Internally, the employee base, following a set of procedures (company rules and regulations) in addition to the entity’s products and services, combines to represent the entity’s corporate reputation (Boyd, 2010, p. 67). As Lee and Roh (2012: 649) posit, corporate reputation is considered as an intangible quality, which aids in the differentiation of a specific business entity from other existent entities. This is in addition to its attraction and hence retention of customers towards not only purchasing, but also repurchasing of its goods/ products and services, with a willingness towards paying more (premium prices) for the same. Hence, the presence of high corporate reputation, being vital to an entity’s value, in addition to being a critical measure of performance, acts as a cost-saving mechanism of entities. It functions as a mechanism, which aids in the decrease of overall consumer uncertainty through an increase in customer satisfaction, the existent customer base, and wholesome marketing effectiveness. In business entities possessing such a quality, its employees are often more competent, hence the need for contracting measures in addition to monitoring expenses and costs.

Obama Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Obama Care - Essay Example The various benefits offered by the act includes the increase in the number of people who can access healthcare, healthcare insurance coverage for those who cannot obtain coverage on their own and various other benefits. On the other hand the law has several disadvantages such as increased financial burden on employers, conflicts with religious beliefs and other negative effects. When Obama Care Act was signed into law, there were more than 32 million individuals without insurance coverage (The White House 1). Due to lack of health insurance coverage, these individuals were being charged higher prices for healthcare services and this was leading to increase in the government’s expenditure on healthcare. As a result of Obama Care Act, these individuals will be able to obtain healthcare services at discounted prices and the government spending on healthcare will even decline. The act has made it obligatory for insurance providers to include ten essential advantages in their healthcare insurance policies and these benefits would help in furthering the wellbeing of the citizens of United States. These ten benefits are to be offered on no yearly dollar limits that are levied by insurance providers. These plans should cover for care that is to be offered to those citizens who are not admitted, care for health issues that need immediate treatment or else the se issues can even lead to death, care for females who are experiencing pregnancy and care that is to be provided to the newly born children (Obamacare Facts 1). Furthermore, these benefits include coverage for all drugs that have been prescribed by physicians, coverage for therapies that help individuals recover from physical impairments such as loss of communication skills, coverage for tests that are conducted on patients in laboratories, coverage for obtaining medical treatment to prevent development of diseases and even coverage for health issues experienced by children

Project Financial Risk Management followed in IT industry enhances the Research Paper

Project Financial Risk Management followed in IT industry enhances the success rates of Projects delivered - Research Paper Example Financial Risk Management in IT Introduction Risks management is in many ways the process of identification, assessment and prioritization of risks, which is then followed by the coordination of all economic resources necessary for the elimination or minimization, monitoring, and control of the probable impacts of uncertain events. It has been found that, risk can come from uncertainties in financial markets, legal liabilities, project failures, accidents, credit risks (Macomber 2003, p. 2). Studies indicate that, there are various project management standards, which have been under development in the project management institute, actuarial societies, ISO standards, and the national institute of standards and technology (Hodgson 2003, p.1). The approaches and objectives of hazard supervision vary greatly dependent on the hazard administration technique applied in the setting of a scheme administration.. In other studies however, hazard administration includes the ranking of the essen tial developments; hazards with the extreme loss are handled first and then the other hazard are handled in a descendent mode in order of precedence. It is pointed out that intangible management usually identifies new types of risks that have about a hundred percent probability but the management ignores because most organizations lack identification capabilities to handle such cases (King 2003, p. 2). It is recorded that relationship risk emanate when inefficient ways of collaboration is experienced. This type of hazard is known to reduce the efficiency of information workforces, effectiveness, service, excellence, product value, and excellence of earnings at the end. Thus, risk management is a subject or process that needs all manner of care to be successful. Literature review From organizational perspective, risks arise most often when businesses pursue opportunities in face of uncertainties, while being compelled by capabilities and cost. In most cases, a challenge comes when it comes to the process of finding a position based on the two dimensions, as it represents in essence itself a risk profile that may be appropriate for the initiative; acceptable to both internal and external stakeholders of the business in question. Studies affirm that, hazard and hazard administration are premeditated in nature. Regarding, information and technology studies show that, software projects have been recognized to be high-risk ventures, which are prone to many failures. Some studies argue that there are mainly two classes of risks; generic risks that are common to all projects, and project specific risks. In many cases, some of these hazards are easy to recognize and regulate or accomplish. However, in some cases, other risks are less obvious and thus very difficult to make predictions on their likelihood to occur and the impact they may cause at that time (Levine 2004, p. 32). The complication and difficulty in predictions comes because of numerous project proportions; structure, size, complexity, composition, novelty, long planning, and execution horizons. All these have a common influence on the modest of the scheme at the end; hus, any indeterminate discrepancy in this has fiscal implications. Therefore, risk management in information technology, especially software

The War Powers Act of 1973 Essay Example for Free

The War Powers Act of 1973 Essay The fundamental conflict between Article I, Section 8 and Article II, Section 2 of the United States Constitution gave occasion to the passing of The War Powers Act of 1973 also known as The War Powers Resolution of 1973. The former constitutional provision granted the power to declare war to Congress while the latter appointed the President of the United States to be the Commander-in-Chief of the country’s armed forces. The conflict occurred because the Presidents, in sending American soldiers to war in their capacity as their Commander-in-Chief, have been ignoring the provision of the constitution which vested unto Congress the â€Å"sole power to declare war. † This practice was believed to have started when President Truman sent American soldiers to Korea without a congressional declaration of war. The truth was, the United States Congress had not officially declared any war after World War II (Lithwick). It was observed that the U. S. Presidents believed that as long as Congress did not declare any war formally, committing American soldiers to hostilities was within their constitutional power as Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. In other words, so long as Congress could be prevented from declaring war formally, the presidents retain a virtual free hand in such cases (Centre for European Policy Studies).     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After the war in Vietnam, however, the members of Congress, in an effort to assert their authority to declare war which was granted by the constitution, passed The War Powers Act of 1973 over the veto which was exercised by then President Richard Nixon. Unfortunately, the act failed to settle with finality the conflict between the President and Congress. As a matter of fact, almost all American Presidents continued to ignore Congress, including The War Powers Act of 1973, for various reasons (Rasky).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Act has three prominent sections. These are Sections 3 (which deals on â€Å"Consultation†); Section 4 (Reporting); and Section 5, which discusses â€Å"Congressional Action.† Section 3 specifically states that The President in every possible instance shall consult with Congress before introducing United States Armed Forces into hostilities or into situation where imminent involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated by the  circumstances, and after every such introduction shall consult regularly with  the Congress until United States Armed Forces are no longer engaged in  hostilities or have been removed from such situations (War Powers Resolution of 1973).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This provision clearly asserts the constitutional authority of Congress in the declaration of war or the commitment of American soldiers to any war or war-like activities. In other words, Congress do not only want to be consulted before the President sends any troops to hostile situations, but it should also be appraised of the situation while the troops are still in the area. Finally, the President should consult with Congress when the troops will already be withdrawn or have already been withdrawn.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Section 4, on the other hand, states that when American forces are deployed in hostilities without a war being declared, a written report should be submitted by the President within 48 hours of such deployment to both the Speaker of the House of Representatives as well as the President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate. The report should explain the reasons for the action and the â€Å"estimated scope and duration of the hostilities or involvement.† Aside from submitting this written report at least once every six months, the President should also answer any questions posed by Congress concerning its constitutional war-making powers (War Powers Resolution of 1973).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These provisions, unfortunately, had been cited as not only burdensome and dilatory, but also unfair, particularly Section 3, when Congress is in recess. For instance, President Gerald Ford experienced some difficulties along this line when American forces were being evacuated from DaNang sometime in 1975 and again in 1976 in Lebanon. He said that â€Å"When the evacuation of DaNang was forced upon us during the Congress’s Easter recess, not one of the key bipartisan leaders of the Congress was in Washington.† He said that because of the break, some of the key leaders were in Greece. Others were in the People’s Republic of China, while there were those who spent the time in Mexico, the Middle East, and Europe. He expressed disappointment with the law, calling it unfair especially since, according to him, â€Å"military operations seldom wait for Congress to meet,† claiming further that many critical situations around the world in fact arose when it was nighttime in Washington (HOW AMERICA GOES TO WAR). In essence, President Ford was explaining that preparing for and/or actually going to war could be greatly hampered by all these consultations and reporting to Congress because any element of surprise or advantage of quick retaliation would be lost in the process.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Republican President Ronald Reagan had similarly experienced the dilatory effect of the War Powers Act in 1982. After deploying American Marines to Lebanon, President Reagan complied with the provision of the act by making a report about the deployment to Congress. In spite of the majority of the Republicans in the Senate, the deployment was vigorously opposed by the Democratic congressmen who were the majority in the House of Representatives at the time. In other words, the deployment was not granted Congressional authority for several months, only to be approved later the following year after a compromise was reached by the leaders of both houses of Congress, authorizing the U.S. Marines to stay in Lebanon for 18 months. What made matters worse was the observation of some quarters that the opposition to the deployment had been mainly due to partisan political reasons. President Reagan, for his part, was greatly disappointed with the compromise especially since it sought President Reagan’s assurances on what the Marines were not supposed to do, thereby tying down their hands and reducing their effectiveness (HOW AMERICA GOES TO WAR). According to observers, the delay in the authorization and the challenges made in the House of Representatives had the effect of weakening the negotiating position of President Reagan not only with Syria but also with the warring political groups found in Lebanon. As a result, the Department of State’s Director of the Policy Planning Staff, Peter W. Rodman, said that the presence of the Marines in Lebanon was stripped of its deterrent impact. Specifically, Rodman explained that what happened in Congress â€Å"convinced the Syrians that the United States was ‘short of breath’ †¦, thus undermining the delicate diplomatic efforts †¦that sought a negotiated solution† By March 6, 1984, Senator Howard Baker, the Majority Leader, was already questioning the appropriateness and the relevance of the War Powers Act as an interactive tool between the two branches of government. He voiced the opinion that the country’s military involvement in other countries could not always start off â€Å"with a prolonged tedious and divisive negotiation between the executive and the legislative branches of Government [because] The world and its many challenges to [American] interests simply do not allow [such] luxury†   (HOW AMERICA GOES TO WAR). Records would later show that that Lebanese episode was the first and only incident where Congress was able to invoke the War Powers Act. Nevertheless, a compromise subsequently produced the required congressional authority and effectively aborted what could have been a genuine face-off between the two branches of government (Rasky).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Section 5, which provides for the necessary congressional action, is the third important section of the Act. Subsection (a) of this section provides that when Congress is not in session for at least three days when the President’s report is being transmitted to Congress, the President could be requested jointly by the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representative to convene Congress for the sole purpose of considering the report and taking any appropriate action where necessary. Obviously, this provision should be interpreted as proof of Congress’s intention of giving due priority to the problem. Subsection (b), on the other hand, requires the President to withdraw the American forces from the area of hostilities sixty days from the filing of the report to Congress unless: Congress has either officially declared war or has issued its authorization for the continued use of the American forces; has granted a statutory extension after the sixty-day period has lapsed; or fails to convene for the purpose of acting on the matter resulting from any armed attack from hostile parties. This section likewise specifies that in a case where an extension to the sixty-day period is requested by the President for any valid reason, Congress is only empowered to grant an additional 30 days to effect the safe withdrawal of the American forces. Finally, subsection (c) specifically provides that â€Å"at any time that United States Armed Forces are engaged in hostilities outside the territory of the United States, its possessions and territories without a declaration of war or specific statutory authorization, such forces shall be removed by the President if the Congress so directs by concurrent resolution† (War Powers Resolution of 1973).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to this subsection, a concurrent resolution by the House of Representatives and the Senate could compel the President to immediately withdraw American forces from undeclared wars. This, however, has been deemed unconstitutional by some quarters, interpreting the provision as giving â€Å"the force of law to a concurrent resolution, which is passed by majorities in both chambers of Congress, but is not presented to the President for his consent or veto.† They have cited Article I, Section 7, Clause 3 of the Constitution which provides that Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds vote of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the case of a Bill (HOW AMERICA GOES TO WAR). Works Cited Lithwick, Dahlia. â€Å"What War Powers Does the President Have?† 15 January 2008.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.slate.com/id/1008290 Centre For European Policy Studies. â€Å"On a European War Powers Act.† 19 February 2007.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   15 January 2008. http://ceps01.link.be/Article.php?=article_id=80 â€Å"HOW AMERICA GOES TO WAR.† The Progressive Conservative. Ed. Alman Leroy Way,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jr. 10 June – 31 December 1999. 15 January 2008.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.geocities.com/way_leroy/ProConVolTwoIssueOnePage5.html Rasky, Susan F. â€Å"War Powers Act: Years of Conflict Over Constitutionality.† New York   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Times online. 19 April 1988. 15 January 2008.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://ceps01.link.be/Article.php?=article_id=80 â€Å"War Powers Resolution of 1973.† Almanac of Policy Issues. 7 November 1973. 15 January http://www.policyalmanac.org/world/archive/war_powers_resolution.shtml

Calibration and Preventive Maintenance Program

Calibration and Preventive Maintenance Program Regulations of the regulatory authorities like FDA and EU require that all the firms have program for calibration and preventive maintenance for test as well as measurement equipments. Preventive maintenance program is one of the most importance aspects for GMP inspection as it ensures the efficient GMP operations. Any equipments either it is automatic or manually operated will perform its functions properly and are used for manufacturing, processing, packaging, labeling or holding of drug products; it is mandatory that it will be timely calibrated, inspected and checked for errors according to the written program which is specially designed to assure the best performance of the equipments. This paper mainly discusses the importance of the calibration and Preventive Maintenance program for any industry because it is very important for any firm that the equipments produce the products having its predetermined specification. Introduction Definition of Calibration: It is a set of operation that performs under specific conditions to verify the values/data obtained by comparison of two instruments or measuring devices one of which is a standard of known accuracy (Traceable to national standards). It is used to detect, correlate, report or eliminate any of the discrepancy in accuracy of instruments or measuring devices when being compared to the standard. [1] Calibration is one type of comparison but it is not an adjustments. Definition of Preventive Maintenance: It is a care or service provided by personnel to maintain the equipment or facility in satisfactorily working conditions by providing inspections, detection and correction of failures before they occur. Basically they are conducted to keep the instrument in working conditions and to extend the life of the instrument.[2] Background Information Today lots of equipment and measuring systems are used in pharmaceutical industry. During pharmaceutical manufacturing operations, these equipments are used to control and record the GMP process parameters because these parameters are mandatory to fulfill the quality requirements of the particular process as well as product. As I earlier mentioned that calibration is just a comparison and to document the record of differences when calibration is performed between the actual equipment and the standard equipment. But it is mandatory to calibrate the equipments timely to get the best results and minimizations of errors. For PM, its one type of maintenance of measuring system or equipments before any error will occur. Basically PM is divided into two subparts. (1) Planned PM and (2) condition based. The key difference between these two subparts is time required for maintenance. The risks which are involved during performing PM are human errors and product failure. Preventive Maintenance is performed by repairing the equipments or by the replacing the defective part of the equipment before any error or product failure will occur. [1] Main advantages of PM are: improvement in the reliability of system, decrease in replacement cost and time, and inventory management system is also improved. Requirements of Regulatory Authorities Calibration program is required by the regulatory authority (FDA) under section 21 CFR part 211.68 and Preventive maintenance and calibration program is required by FDA under section 21 CFR part 211.67. Calibration requirements for Lab instruments under section 21 CFR part 211.67 are: specific directions, schedule, limit of accuracy and precision remedial action and system to prevent usage of instrument which are failed to calibrate. [2] Requirements for manufacturing area: FDA requires that each manufacturing area of the facility has written calibration and written preventive maintenance procedures. They must have qualified personnel to calibrate and maintain the equipments which are again rechecked by other qualified person. They must have one representative to monitor the calibration and PM program. And finally the whole process of calibration and PM is reviewed and approved in the terms of quality. Requirements for equipment master list: [1] In any manufacturing area or any laboratory, lots of instruments are used thats why FDA requires that there should be a system in facility that can identify the instruments which are related to GMP. For identification purpose it must have serial no. model no. and location but if the instruments are tracked by configuration then this information is not mandatory. And there should be a written procedure that area used to determine whether calibration and PM is required for particular instrumentation or not. Instrument Identification and calibration status[1] Initial step for the calibration PM program is to identify the instrument. Instruments are identified and characterize in the terms of criticality. Some instruments are critical and some are non critical. Some instruments have effects on environment so identified as environmental critical instrument. In the same way some has direct impact on product quality known as GMP critical instruments. Step by step process to identify an instrument and calibration status is: Each instrument is given unique identification number. Details for instrument (model no, serial no, location) are available and documented Every instrument is labeled with its unique identification number. Calibration history (calibration status, date of calibration, date for next calibration, details of person who is performing calibration) Use of calibration logs, calibration sticker and MAXIMO to document calibration status. There should be a system which prevent the use of non-qualified instruments, damaged instruments and non-calibrated and those who expired the calibration period to minimize the errors. Also some instruments do not require calibration or factory calibrated for certain period of time so there should be a system to identify those instruments. Traceability of standards and calibration tolerance Reference equipment or calibration equipment which is used as standard should be traceable to national standard. In the absence of recognized standards, an independent reproducible standard can be used. The tolerance of the reference standard is higher than the other equipment which is going to be calibrated. And there should be a system available to monitor the expiration date of reference standard and other re-certification requirements. Two types of tolerance level in calibration: (1) Alert level: Up to this level the instrument can be adjust to its required range. (2) Action level: Its known as out of tolerance limit. At this level investigation is required for because we cant make any adjustment at this level. If tolerance is between the Alert and Action level than thats fine and investigation is not required. [1.6] 7. Calibration and Maintenance Frequency After consideration of traceability of reference standard and calibration tolerance, the thing we need to know is frequency of calibration and maintenance because some instruments need frequent calibration. Basically the frequency of calibration depends on the type and nature of instruments. Some important criteria which we can take in the consideration during calculation of frequency of calibration and maintenance are listed below. Manufacturers recommendations and process requirements Environmental conditions like temp, pressure, humidity and vibration. History of calibration and history of repair. 8. Calibration and maintenance procedure (SOP) There should be a documented SOP for conducting the calibration and preventive maintenance for each type of instrumentation. Most of the time during calibration, measurement of errors is found exceeded to its limit by one or more designated point as it was shown in figure: 1 as As found and secondly calibration is carried out to verify its predetermined tolerance limit which is shown in the figure: 1 as As left. The SOP for calibration must includes accuracy and precision limits and what are the remedial actions should be taken if this limits do not meet with each other. There should be an authorized department to perform and monitor calibration and maintenance. The SOP must contain the step by step calibration instructions, instrumentation manual, proper calibration procedures, provisions for adjustments, provisions for record and document the actual measurement reading before and after doing adjustment. Record/Documentation for calibration and maintenance Documentation for calibration and PM is very important as from this historical data we are able to minimize errors for future perspective. Actual measurements and the data obtained after adjustment are recorded as shown in the Figure: 1. Documentation must includes the tolerance limit, full details of the reference standard used and complete details of the person who did the calibration. All these documentations are reviewed periodically by authorized person to make the adjustment in the frequency of calibration when recalibration of the instruments will be carried out in future. Today most of the pharmaceutical companies are using computerized calibration management system to plan and record the calibration activities in their firm. Computerized system is more convenient and efficient than the traditional paper work. You can save the data for longer time. At the beginning, the computerized system is not popular much but after the introduction of 21 CFR part 11 electronic records and electronic signature, most of the organizations adopted it. Out of tolerance (OOT) calibration result When we found that the particular instrument is outside of its predetermined calibration limits which is also known as Action limit or OOT. If we found OOT calibration result, first scenario is to take corrective actions as soon as possible. We can take corrective actions like repair, re-calibration, and replacement of defective part or permanent removal of instrument if the errors cannot be corrected by above actions. Firm can issue OOT notification to the vendor and the notification must includes current calibration data, severity of OOT error and full details of last successful calibration. It is mandatory that QA department immediately stop the production for a while till the issue is solved. Here the role of PM is important as it will stop the reoccurrence of the error. As OOT results highly impact on the quality of the product and also responsible for batch failure, it is mandatory to find out the root cause for the occurrence of these errors. At least it will help us to preven t the re-occurrence of particular error. Change control management and CAPA approach Under change control management program, we are able to make changes in calibration tolerance, frequency and procedure. Also we can add another new program to avoid errors or permanent removal of current program to avoid inconvenience. Change in the environment or change in the location is also solution suggested by this program. Each and every step should be documented properly. This program also suggests revalidation, re-execution and revision of IQ, OQ and PQ of the instruments. Timely revision, periodic review and approval by authorized person at every stage are the key points of this program. CAPA stands for corrective actions and Preventive actions. CAPA is an important analytical tool to solve lot of issues. CAPA is a concept of Good Manufacturing practice (GMP). CAPA mainly concentrate on the systematic investigation of the failures and deviations occurred during process to prevent their reoccurrence in the terms of corrective actions and also prevent from reoccurrence in terms of preventive action. [5] CAPA ensures that the corrective actions and Preventive actions that are under taken to prevent failure are highly effective and reliable. CAPA is an important tool of the overall Quality Management System (QMS). If any company wants to have best quality management system in their firm, they should implement CAPA to their firm. CAPA ensures the best quality products with the lower cost and less time. Software used for calibration and PM Lots of softwares are used for calibration and PM at industrial scale. This computerized system has more efficiency and guaranteed the best results. Calibration software Quality Calibration Management system (QCMS) is complete instrument and designed according to the requirements of 21 CFR part 11. This software ensures regulatory compliance and also traceability. It will help to improve the reliability of plant and optimize the administrative costs. It will help to increase in the productivity as well as efficiency. 12.2 Preventive maintenance software RCM turbo is very popular PM software. Traditional approach took years to complete just one PM but by using this RCM turbo, anyone can quickly go for PM. This software directs us through EMEA process. But the thing is it will go through quickly and efficiently. It is 100 % reliable and will allow you do risk assessment Conclusion In conclusion, I would like to say that calibration and preventive maintenance are very important aspects of any instrument. To get the best results with the instruments, it is mandatory to inspect and calibrate the instruments periodically as it is also required by regulatory authorities. Preventive maintenance definitely improves the life of the instruments but timely implementation of PM is very important. Non-calibrated instruments and lack of PM has directly impact on the product quality, so it required that every manufacturing area in the firm has proper program for validation and PM. We cant neglect the importance of PM because it will prevent the re-occurrence of errors. SOP for calibration and PM is also valuable aspect as it will help to record data, minimize the severity of risk and provides step by step procedure to follow. CAPA approach is one of the most important quality management tools as it will help to correct the errors and to prevent the re-occurrence of errors b y preventive actions. Implementation of CAPA tool in calibration will definitely good for instruments. Revision of 21CFR part 11 strongly suggests adopting computerized software system to every firm because of its convenience and efficiency. Softwares used for calibration and PM as I discussed in the paper like QCMS and QMS turbo etc. are 100 % reliable, so I would like to suggest every firm to adopt this computerized software system for their calibration and PM program.

Sonia and Raskolnikov in Dostoevskys Crime and Punishment :: Dostoevsky Crime and Punishment

Sonia and Raskolnikov in Crime and Punishment    Sonia and Raskolnikov are two characters that interact with each other in the novel, Crime and Punishment. They interact on multiple levels, sharing several likenesses. Both of these characters are at-times self-sacrificing, both are struggling for meaning in a dreary existence, and both are generally unhappy people, but brighten and seem to enjoy each other's presence--even when Raskolnikov is berating her religion. What is self-sacrifice, for which these characters and so many people around the world engage in? It is a desire to help those around us more than we wish to help ourselves. This is not normal human state, although it can be brought about easily by societal pressures, and sometimes even political societies can compel this attitude. Sonia practices a form of altruism for her family however. She acquires a yellow card and takes her body off to the moral slaughter by sacrificing it to others for money--money that will go to her starving, poor family. Though not his predomin ant state of mind or action, Raskolnikov does have temporal tendencies towards self-sacrifice. It seems that part of his state of mind when considering the murder of the pawnbroker is that he will be helping society as a whole--definitely a motive that comes from outside the self. Sonia and Raskolnikov share many characteristics that make them an interesting encounter for each other. A tendency to self-sacrifice for one, and a life of it for another, provides for an amalgam of psychological likenesses which help the characters relate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Due in part to their self-sacrificing lives, both characters are also trying to search for meaning in the dreary existence which they are subjected to. Sonia finds this meaning in the Bible, in a belief in God. Raskolnikov writes a theory. He finds solace in thinking that he himself is a god-like creature, he believes he is extraordinary. A belief in being a subject of the Divine and thinking that there are two divisions of men is extremely close. Both of these characters also have their meaning attacked. Porfiry Petrovich attacks and picks for holes in the theory of Raskolnikov. Perhaps as a reaction to this, Raskolnikov picks holes in the support for meaning in Sonia's life--God, the Bible, and her faith. The final glues that continually attracts these two characters is the fact that all their morbid similarities bring them together so that they actually enjoy each other's presence.

Narrative Frames and Ambiguity in Henry James The Turn of The Screw Es

Narrative "frames" and Ambiguity in The Turn of The Screw   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since it was written, Henry James' The Turn of The Screw has been acclaimed by numerous critics to be one of the most immaculate, engrossing and terrifying ghost stories ever produced. Harriet Waters Preston described it as, "a sheer mortal horror, like the evil dream of a man under the spell of a deadly drug"1, and Gertrude Atherton said, "[it] is the most horrifying ghost story ever written!"2 I will argue that it is the narrative frames enclosing The Turn of The Screw that are largely responsible for the reception the book has received. They serve two main purposes; one, to build up an element of suspense and tension before the governess's account actually begins, thus heightening the potential for horror and terror in the text; and two, to cast uncertainty on the reliability of the narrators and hence to increase the ambiguity and scope for interpretation of the text. In fact, I will argue that these frames do not assist the reader in interpreting the action, but are actually used by James to deliberately confound the reader and foster an ambiguous atmosphere. At first glance there appear to be three narrative frames surrounding the governess' account. At the outermost level we have the voice of the narrator. The narrator tells us of a time when they were one of several guests staying at the abode of a character named "Griffin". Whilst there, the narrator heard the governess's tale, as told by Douglas over a period of several nights. Although the narrator was not at Bly, nor did they take any part in the tale of the governess, it is the narrator's retelling of this story that the reader receives. Within this is the reading by Douglas, who ... ...: Macmillan, 1968). Troy, William, "The Altar of Henry James" in Tanner, Tony, ed., Henry James Modern Judgements (London: Macmillan, 1968). Endnotes 1 Gard, Roger, ed., Henry James The Critical Heritage (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1968), pp. 333. 2 Ibid, pp. 361. 3 Sheppard, E. A., Henry James and The Turn of the Screw (Suffolk: Oxford University Press, 1974), pp. 17. 4 James, Henry, "The Turn of the Screw" in Hampl, Patricia, ed., The Houghton Mifflin Anthology of Short Fiction (Boston: Hougton Mifflin Company, 1989), pp. 617. 5 Ibid, pp 617. 6 Ibid, pp. 617. 7 Ibid, pp. 620. 8 Gard, pp. 275. 9 Hosking, Rick, lecture for English 1A: ENGL 1003, Flinders University, 12th March 1996. 10 Tanner, Tony, ed., Henry James Modern Judgements (London: Macmillan, 1968), pp. 33. 11 Sheppard, pp. 15. 12 Ibid, pp. 15.

Candide- A Contrast To Optimism :: essays research papers

Candide- A Contrast to Optimism Francis Marie Arouet de Voltaire was the French author of the novella Candide, also known as â€Å"Optimism†(Durant and Durant 724). Many of Voltaire’s works were popular in Europe during his time, yet it is his satire, Candide, which is still studied today. In Candide, Voltaire sought to point out the fallacy of Gottfried William von Leibniz’s philosophy by criticizing worldly superiority, the theory of optimism, and the brutality of war. Leibniz theorized that God, having the ability to pick from an infinite number of worlds, chose this world, â€Å"the best of all possible worlds†(18). To dispute that contention, Voltaire created Martin. Martin was the quintessential pessimist, and Candide’s trusted friend and advisor. Martin continuously tried to prove to Candide that there is little virtue, morality and happiness in the world. When a cheerful couple was seen walking and singing, Candide told Martin, â€Å"At least you must admit that these people are happy†(94). Martin quickly replied, â€Å"I wager they are not†(94). The only basis Martin had for his judgment was the sight of two outwardly content people, yet somehow he was compelled to characterize them as unhappy. Martin’s pessimistic outlook on life is the antithesis of Leibniz’s theory that this world is the best. The evil that Martin perceived blinded him from the good that existed in the world. The land of Eldorado was the realization of Leibniz’s theory that this world is the best. In reference to Eldorado, Candide stated that â€Å"there’s no comparison between this country and the castle where I was born†(70). The fact that Eldorado was the perfect city revealed the flawed world in which Candide lived. Martin’s ability to focus on the evils in the world and the contrast between reality and Eldorado reflect Voltaire’s criticism of Leibniz’s belief that this world is the best possible. To emphasize his criticism of optimism in the novel, Voltaire created Dr. Pangloss, an unconditional follower of Leibniz’s philosophy. Pangloss believed that everything had its purpose and things happened for the best. Even the horrendous Lisbon earthquake and fire were for the best according to Pangloss. He stated that although the disastrous earthquake took over 30,000 lives, â€Å"all this is for the very best. . . For it is impossible that things should not be where they are†(30). According to Pangloss’ philosophy, there was a purpose behind the earthquake. He believed that there was a rational explanation for the earthquake, even though he was unable to provide substantial evidence to support his claim.

Ceo Safety Policy Statement

Safety Policy Statement a. Safety is paramount in all flight operations. Company X manages safety risks related to its operations to as low a level as reasonably practicable. Company X will manage safety through its dedicated commitment to implement and maintain Company X’s Safety Management System. This commitment includes the responsibility of both Company X’s management and employees to continuously improve the level of safety and never to become complacent when it comes to the safety of Company X’s operations. It is the joint responsibility of everyone connected within the flight operation to be proactive and ensure all safety hazards are identified, analyzed and, where possible, eliminated or avoided. When this is not possible, mitigation is developed, implemented and tracked to verify that the level of the associated risks are acceptable. It will also be the commitment of both management and of all employees to comply with all applicable regulatory requirements when conducting Company X’s Operation. . The purpose of the safety policy is to manage safety proactively and effectively. This is attained by utilizing the Company X SMS to: i. Identify and manage safety risks specific to the company’s flight operations. ii. Encourage employees to report safety issues without the fear of reprisal. iii. Collect and analyze information and feedback through the continuous improvement system so as to continually improve safety management activities. iv. When safety issues are discovered it is assumed that both management and the employees have shared responsibility and accountability in finding ways to fix the safety issues and in ensuring that the prescribed procedures to fix the problems are carried out and also to help notify the Director of Safety as to whether these procedures are working or not. v. Both management and the employees are expected to follow all safety procedures and policies of Company X including the reporting of all safety issues and hazards to the Director of Safety. i. The SMS program will also provide management guidance for implementing new procedures and processes to ensure that a high level of safety is maintained when these new procedures and policies are carried out. vii. The Director of Safety reviewing Company X’s safety objectives each month to ensure they are current and still applicable to Company X’s Operations. The Director of Safety will ensure that any safety objectives not meetin g current safety standards and goals will be revised as necessary. c. Company X’s safety policy also requires the full support of safety from top level management. Flight crew members, aircraft maintenance personal and others involved in the operation of Company X will always have the full support of the CEO as long as they operate professionally in accordance with company manuals and procedures. All company personnel have a duty to openly and honestly report events and hazards using the continuous improvement system. The CEO will ensure that all such reports will be thoroughly investigated in a non-punitive manner. The CEO of the company is ultimately responsible for: i. Sustaining conditions that promote the safe operation of company aircraft, ii. Ensuring that all safety related company positions, responsibilities and authorities are defined, documented and communicated throughout the company. iii. Define and publish which levels of management can make safety risk acceptance decisions in regards to company operations. iv. Providing the resources (in time and money) to assure the safe operation of company aircraft, and v. Actively supports the Safety Management System.

Trim Store Sop

SOP for Trims & Stationary Store Trims & Stationary Store Objectives: * Storage of all the various trims and stationeries that comes with detailed data. * Ensure no short supply of various trims before bulk production. Activities: * Pre-Trims & Stationeries Receive Activities: The monthly planner for trims in-house should come to the store in-charge with the weekly updates and changes should be communicated at the very instant of the occurrence. The trims purchase team should make sure to in-house the planned trims at least before 20 days to carry out pilot run and for bulk maximum 5 days.After receiving the requirement list from the purchase team it is the duty of the trim store in charge to follow up the status of the ordered trims. If in case trim is late from the planned date of receiving then the same should be intimated to the planning, cutting, and merchandiser so that the necessary steps can be taken to acquire the trim before production starts. NOTE: The stock of stationerie s should be checked time to time so as to avoid any situation of shortage. * Trims/Stationary Receive: Unloading the trims: Unloading should be done in the presence of the store in charge/supervisor.The supplier invoice or the transporters copy of the Delivery Challan should be checked by the trims store in charge and then unloading should be done in the designated area. The received trims quantity should be cross checked against the supplier packing list while unloading and should be verified by the store incharge. If quantity is less, the transporters are informed and it is recorded on Delivery Challan. The Invoice copy should be filed in â€Å"Daily trims/stationary receive file† and at the end of the day material inward details should be updated by the store incharge.The information of trims received against the Purchase No. is informed to the purchase person and the concerned merchandiser. A swatch card of a trim of every kind received for a particular order should be se nt to the merchandiser handling that buyer for approval. Once approved it should be prominently displayed on the trim store board. * Trims Inspection * The trims should be kept on the inspection table before checking. * The trims should be inspected to cross check the purchased quantity to the actual quantity received. 100% inspection should be done for each trims received. * Make full use of the Count & Weight M/c to know the actual number of particular trims received. * In case of zippers the length of each should be measured and those not conforming should be separated and exchanged. * Keeping the trims in racks after Inspection: * Depending on the order quantity a rack box (upto 3500 garments), 2 rack boxes (3500-8000 garments) or a column(more than 8000 garments) in a rack is allotted for a particular style. A board should be attached to it clearly stating the style number. A stock card should also be affixed along with it duly filled with the required quantity for each trim in that order. * When the inspection for a trim for a particular order is completed and the received trim is â€Å"OK†, it should be kept in the rack allotted for that particular order. * All the trims being loaded on to the rack after inspection should be entered into the stock card carefully mentioning the order quantity received and date of receival. * If any trim is already available in stock the required quantity for that order is counted and kept on the rack dedicated for that order.On the swatch card it should be mentioned that the trim was â€Å"IN STOCK†. * All trims movement should be done carefully. * Issue trims to various departments * Trims should be issued only against the requisition slip. * Exact number of trims should be issued. No extra trims should be issued. * As soon as the copy of cut parts issued is received from the cutting room the required amount of trims for stitching that quantity of garments should be fetched from the respective racks. They should all be ready in one carton so that as soon as the line feeder comes with a requisition from bundling the trims are issued. The trims required for packing can be issued only three times a day in the allocated time slot. * As soon as some trim is taken off the rack for issuing, the issued quantity along with quantity left on the rack should be updated in the stock card. * Returned trims * The returned trims should be kept in the returned trims storage area only. * Records should be maintained about the returned trims along with the departments from where those are coming. * If those trims are style specific they should be disposed off 2 months after the shipment is sent with a consent from the merchandising department. Keeping of stationary * As soon as the stationary received it is cross checked with the order quantity. * It is then kept on the stationary rack segregated according to the type. * The same is recorded on the stock card mentioning the received quantity and date. * Issuing of Stationary Stationery should be issued only against a requisition slip. As soon as any kind of stationary is issued the stock card should be updated noting down the issued quantity and quantity left. As soon as the quantity left reaches the danger zone an order should be placed for it.