Stress among college students Essay - 2179 Words

Stress is unavoidable, no matter the situation, location, or time; stress is always present. College students, especially freshmen, are a group particularly prone to stress due to the transitional nature of college life (Ross, Niebling, Heckert 1999). The need to please their parents, the thought of success in life, and being able to sustain a reasonable income in the future, all of which fall on the shoulders of college students who are making decisions for a large portion of their lives. They also must adjust to being away from home for the first time, maintain a high level of academic achievement, and adjust to a new social environment. College students, regardless of year in school, often deal with pressures related to academics,†¦show more content†¦The five least frequently reported stressors were; death of a friend (6%), severe injury (5%), transferred schools (3%), engagement/marriage (2%), and divorce between parents (1%). Quitting ones job (8%) was also an infrequ ently reported stressor. Another interesting result was that, in a college setting, events such as missing too many classes (21%) and arguing with an instructor (11%) only comprised 15% of the total responses. Their results suggest colleges to prepare incoming students for managing stress because stress in a college setting cannot be eliminated. In another study performed by Hicks and Heastie (2008), a detailed questionnaire was provided to 514 college students from ages 18-23, where 53% of them were college freshmen. Their study indicated that on-campus college students experienced far more stressors than those students who were living off campus. It appears that more off-campus college students reported that they were not at all stressed with their roommate than the on-campus college students. A larger percentage of college students living off campus (45.6%) indicated that they were not stressed due to poor housing as opposed to theShow MoreRelatedStress Among College Students2049 Words   |  9 PagesStress Among College Students Leaving home for the first time and going away for school can be very difficult for some people. In many cases for college freshman this is their first time being away from their home and parents. Many times they get home sick and want to isolate themselves. They have to get into a new routine of going to school, and change can be very difficult. It is definitely hard to get into the swing of college. They have to navigate through classes in a new format while livingRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress Among College Students Essay855 Words   |  4 PagesOver the years many studies have been conducted to determine what creates stress and how college students can cope with stress. Stressors in a student’s life can be created through personal, educational and social experiences. A student faces many experiences while transitioning from high school, to college, and into adulthood. These experiences include: living arrangements, personal finances, important career decisions, experien ces of failure, interpersonal relationships, and personal financesRead MoreStress Among College Students Essay examples1005 Words   |  5 PagesCollege is a time of extreme stress due to societal and parental pressures. College students have expectations they have to live up to in order to fulfill and satisfy the needs of both their parents and society. Stress is expressed through a variety of symptoms that can be hazardous to student’s physical and mental health. With such high expectations to do well during college, students may become sleep deprived, which impairs mental capacity, but sleep deprivation is only one of a vast array of symptomsRead MoreOuantitaive Research: Stress Among College Students2486 Words   |  10 Pagesthat students who were in college are likely to report feeling stress. We tend to find a significant difference between college students with jobs and college students without jobs. Based on prior knowledge, we know that acute stress can be relat ed to small daily hassles, while chronic stress takes place when several environmental stressors continue to be a worry for a long period of time, like finances and schoolwork. Emotional stress, such as anxiety, is also connected to academic stress. StudentsRead MoreStress Among College Students And Mental Illnesses1880 Words   |  8 PagesStress Among College Students College Parents of America surveyed over 2,200 students at 40 randomly chosen colleges throughout the United States and have found that 85% of the students felt stressed on a daily basis while attending school. College Students and mental illnesses have always been associated with each other. A mental illness can affect a student s cognitive thinking needed for assignments, and disrupt the ability to be able to do to daily activities and functions. The top threeRead MoreThe Effects Of Financial Stress Among Domestic College Students1338 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cause of Financial Stress among Domestic College Students Money is always a common factor leading to stress. People determine financial stress as a kind of stress caused by debts and inevitably huge amount spending (Hillman, 2015, para.4). A college student faces $40000 tuition every year, so it is fair to say college students struggle with financial stress. Moreover, financial stress has the tendency to become an â€Å"ongoing and chronic type of stress†, which will attribute to several seriouslyRead MoreEffects Of Depression On College Students1335 Words   |  6 Pagesis founded more in College students. The 2012 from the Association for University and College Counseling Center Directors indicated that 95% of counseling center directors believe that psychological problems are a growing concern and that depression is one of the most prevalent concerns with 36% of college students affected (Jennifer E. Merrill, 2014). Depression in college tends to lead to alcohol abuse because they are experiencing extreme depression. When coll ege students have depression it affectsRead MoreStress Is A Common Experience For All Of Us1194 Words   |  5 PagesStress is a common experience for all of us. We may feel stress when we are very busy, have important deadlines to meet, have college assignment and lack of time to complete these assignments. Our body cannot decide what to do then we feel stress. My friend has gone to college since 2011, and she had finished 45 credits for her nursing degree but she dropped out college this year because of stress. When she told me about dropping college, several questions arose in my mind about student s stressRead MoreStudy Habits1368 Words   |  6 Pages. College students, especially freshmen, are a group particularly prone to stress (DZurilla Sheedy, 1991) due to the transitional nature of college life (Towbes Cohen, 1996). They must adjust to being away from home for the first time, maintain a high level of academic achievement, and adjust to a new social environment. College students, regardless of year in school, often deal with pressures related to finding a job or a potential life partner. These stressors do not cause anxiety or tensionRead MoreEffect Of Stress On Students1169 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction Stress can define as Balancing classes, tests, projects, extra-curricular activities and work is enough to make anyone feel overwhelmed, especially with final exams right around the corner. Having stress in your life is unavoidable, but there are steps students can take to mitigate its effects on their lives and health. Going off to college involves significant adjustments to student daily routine; student sleeping and eating habits, time-management skills, and stress levels will be

An Essay About The Immigrants Struggle Of A New World

Luke Zrostlik English 2326.01 Dr. Neely October 27 2015 An Immigrants Struggle in a New World The United States of America is in its entirety a giant melting pot of people, culture, and beliefs. It is an interesting place to live in and is very different from most other countries. The United States is so vast and so diverse that people from the same country cannot even relate to each other. It is divided into 50 states each having their own borders, which makes the United States unique. No state is the same, each having their own ideas and culture. You can see how coming to this country would change you but you would also find similarities with your own home country since it is quite possible that your former countryman have settled in the same state or region that you have also settled in. It is the country of borders. This is increasingly evident in the in the stories of Lucy by Jamaica Kincaid and â€Å"Las Vegas Charley† by Hisaye Yamamoto. Our protagonists in Lucy and â€Å"Las Vegas Charley† ultimately chan ge in their beliefs and their lifestyles through influences and actions of the individuals around them. In the case of Charley and his son Noriyuki, Noriyuki actually grows because of Charley as Charley dies. He realizes who his father truly is and that relieves any animosity he had towards him. â€Å" Noriyuki—who, without one sour word, had lived though a succession of conflicting emotions about his father—hate for rejecting him as a child; disgust andShow MoreRelatedImmigration Is Up Of The United States1274 Words   |  6 Pages Flora Ho Prof. Rocklin Hist 152 Essay Assignment Question 1 Immigration makes up of the United States. The life of an immigrant faces many struggles. Coming to the United States is a very difficult time for immigrant, especially when English is not their first language. In Oscar Handlin’s essay, Uprooted and Trapped: The One-Way Route to Modernity and Mark Wyman’s Coming and Going: Round Trip to America, both these essays describes the life of immigrants living in America and how they are ableRead MoreEssay about Imagining Homelands1487 Words   |  6 Pageshas emigrated from various parts of the world for many different reasons. Some immigrants adapt instantly, while others take years. Some may never adapt and never feel at home in the new country that they are living in. In the essay Imagining Homelands by Bharati Mukherjee, the author suggests that that an immigrant is either like her sister, someone who religiously retains her ethnicity, or like Mukherjee, who changes what is necessary to adapt to her new environment. Her sister keeps her rootsRead MoreBelong In America1034 Words   |  5 PagesIn Bharati Mukherjee’s essay â€Å"Two Ways to Belong in America†, she details the contrast between her and her sister, Mira’s, immigrant experiences in North America. While Bharati seemingly let go of her Indian heritage in favor of embracing a Western one, Mira insisted on being an expatriate Indian, unwilling to legally become a citizen but lived comfortably in America. Even though their experiences differed greatly, both sisters grew frustrated by the exclusion they felt by the countries they grewRead MoreUndocumented Immigrants And The United States Essay1066 Words   |  5 Pagesundocumented immigrants to cross the united states do with the poverty in the country, high level of education in the united states, and the better opportunity of jobs. Many immigrants decide to emigrate from their country of birth to seek a new opportunity for all the family, but analyze the information is not only one culture a lot of different cultures immigrant to have a better life in the united states. Undocumented immigration is a big issue in the united states because many immigrants come to liveRead MoreToward Something American: The Immigrant Soul by Peter Marin749 Words   |  3 Pagessomething American: The Immigrant Soul† explains the subtle but noticeable difference between American life and American culture. American culture is defined as primarily western, but is influenced by Native American, African, Asian, Polynesian and Latin American cultures. (Wiki) Marvin explains that American culture is not much more than a mixture of past cultures. American life is slightly different. Marvin writes American although influenced by past cultures struggles to find home. Marvin statesRead MoreWho Will Light The Incense When Mother s Gone850 Words   |  4 PagesTo Be or Not to Be Andrew Lam’s essay â€Å"Who Will Light the Incense When Mother’s Gone† is a nonfiction essay. In his story, Andrew talks about his immigrant family from in Vietnamese to America. In the family, there is a struggle of becoming Americans at the same time keeping up with the traditional ways of Vietnamese. Andrew tells us that before he came from Vietnamese he used to conduct the rituals in his family but after coming to America, he changed and became rebellious. On the other hand, AndrewRead MoreEssay on Suki Kims Facing Poverty with a Rich Girls Habits1277 Words   |  6 PagesSummary Response essay Facing Poverty with a Rich Girls Habits I always thought about what would wealthy people feel if they were in poor people’s shoes. To see how middle class people struggle with money instead of assuming everything is easy. I wondered if wealthy people would do if they went bankrupt and how that person would get back on their feet. What intrigued me to write my essay is a memoir that I read called â€Å"Facing Poverty with a Rich Girls Habits.† The Memoir is about the author namedRead More The Search for Identity1422 Words   |  6 PagesAndrew Lam, and â€Å"Two Kinds† by Amy Tan Identity in America is becoming a worldwide issue for everyone who has immigrated here. In the three essays that I have looked at, I have seen the same issue being discussed. It is the theme of being treated differently and looked at differently. The stories talk about how children come from different areas from the world and try to fit into the American society but the parents do not respect the decision. The parents still want to carry out their culture traditionsRead MoreUndocumented Immigrants And The United States Essay973 Words   |  4 Pagesundocumented immigrants to cross the united states do with the poverty in the country, high level of education in the united states, and the better opportunity of jobs. Many immigrants decide to emigrate from their country of birth to seek a new opportunity for all the family, but analyze the information is not only one culture a lot of different cultures immigrant to have a better life in the united states. Undocumented immigration is a big issue in the united states because many immigrants come to liveRead MoreAn Analysis Of Willa Cather s The Clemency Of The Court 1413 Words   |  6 PagesBradley Lewellyn Mr. Rutledge English 3 DC - Period 3 11/30/2015 Literary Comparison Essay Draft #2 Since the establishment of the colonies, America has been viewed as the â€Å"land of opportunity.† It is thought to be a safe haven for immigrants, and a chance at a new beginning for others. â€Å"The Clemency of the Court† by Willa Cather published in 1893, tells the story of Serge, a Russian immigrant, who overcame the struggles of a tough childhood and fled to America to receive protection from the state. â€Å"Clothes†

Construction Planning and Scheduling - 1974 Words

Introduction Construction activities are often exposed to various weather conditions, and often construction productivity is dependent on these weather conditions. Weather conditions are local, seasonal, and sometimes unusual. Inclement weather conditions often result in project disruptions, delays, and disputes between the project parties. Many trades such as earthwork, concrete, roofing, and landscaping are often affected by severe weather, meanwhile other trades such as carpet installers or sheetrock installers may not be directly affected by the weather. Owners, general contractors, and subcontractors all face many risks associated with weather conditions. In order to mediate weather risks, all of the involved construction†¦show more content†¦Frozen ground magnifies the difficulty of movement and compaction of soils. Frozen soil conditions greatly reduce the equipment productivity. As cold weather affects the operator of the equipment, the soil conditions affect the effectiveness of the equipment. Weather Delay Day What type of weather qualifies as a weather delay day? A weather delay day is a day in which work must be completely stopped because efficient construction operations will be difficult to achieve with the weather conditions. Three key factors affecting weather delays and disruptions are; type of construction, on-site drying conditions, and the intensity of rainfall. The threshold values for adverse weather vary from location to location. The threshold values also depend on the trades working and various other social and natural factors. However, a weather day should be decided based on the combination of the threshold values, type of work affected, and common sense. Table 1 below shows a sample adverse weather day calendar. (Glavinich n.d.) Table 1: Sample Adverse Weather Allowances Month JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Adverse Weather Days 6 6 5 4 5 2 2 4 5 5 4 4 Weather Calendars Once threshold values are determined, the adverse weather days can be incorporated into the plan. Normally many weather incorporation methods can be used to satisfy the contract requirements. In order to claim time for unusually severe weather, it isShow MoreRelatedPlanning And Scheduling Construction For Decades1352 Words   |  6 PagesCritical Path Method has been extensively utilised for planning and scheduling construction for decades. As mentioned earlier, the study conducted by Tavakoli and Riachi (1990) results from responding industries has shown overwhelming satisfaction of using the CPM technique for planning and scheduling projects. The first steps in building the CPM technique is the activity list. Activity is defined as task that consumes time and other resources (******) and contributes to the completion of the projectRead MorePlanning And Scheduling Process Of Construction Sector Essay2072 Words   |  9 Pages LITERATURE REVIEW Planning and scheduling process of construction sector has been undergoing various research since 1950s. The planning and scheduling processes for construction can be broadly classified into two categories 1. Activity based planning methodologies and 2. Location based planning methodologies. The activity based methodology is further subdivided as deterministic (Critical path method) and probabilistic method (Program Evaluation and Review Technique). While location based methodologiesRead MoreThe Target Of This Literature Review Essay1372 Words   |  6 PagesLITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION The target of this literature review is to study what literature is presented on the research topic. This chapter will focus on BIM, project scheduling and on how these both topics can work mutually. The literature objective is to explore and discover what is already researched by researchers. By reading lots of journal more knowledge is gained and can apply to the thesis. All of the information was collected from UNITEN library, and also from the published journalsRead MoreImplementation Process And Time Scheduling Process Before Start Construction Phase Essay1536 Words   |  7 Pagesprojects size, needing for planning and control become matter of urgency, so this research aim to develop integrate cost estimate process and time scheduling process before start construction phase. Most of construction companies make project scheduling without attention to add planned resources (labor-equipment-material) with its direct and indirect costs to get total project cost. So it is needed to be estimate project direct and indirect cost before start construction phase. The problems facedRead MoreManagement for Built Environment964 Words   |  4 PagesTopic |Weekly Schedule | | Subject Info ââ€" ª Subject : MANAGEMENT FOR BUILT ENVIRONMENT ââ€" ª Course : B.SC (HONS) CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT ââ€" ª Subject Code : ECM3134 ââ€" ª Subject Status : Major ââ€" ª Semester : 1 ââ€" ª Assessment : 50%=Final Examination; 50%=Coursework Lecturer Details ââ€" ª Lecturer : Jeffrey Lee Sheu Tiong ââ€" ª HP/Tel : 019 2728655 ââ€" ª E-mail Address : jeffreylee@segi.edu.my Learning Material MainRead MoreConstruction Management And Construction Project Management1103 Words   |  5 Pages Construction management or construction project management (CPM) is the overall planning, coordination, and control of a project from beginning to completion. Throughout this semester I learned many various information on construction management, from the bid package process to scheduling a projects. Also learned the various contracts and legal structure of a construction company. Overall this semester I learned the overall knowledge of construction management. The first thing we learnedRead MoreResource Scheduling Methods: Analysis609 Words   |  3 PagesResource Scheduling Methods Analysis It has been said, â€Å"A schedule is†¦ An instruction to a fool†¦ A guide to a wise person. In retrospect scheduling is an important part of project management to anyone that has and ever will be engaged in such a task.. This monograph will be an analysis of the concept of resource scheduling, evaluation of various methods used to schedule resources, the benefits and challenges associated with each, and methods of when each would be most appropriate. As well a choiceRead MoreCritical Path Method ( Cpm ) Technique1450 Words   |  6 PagesCRITICAL PATH METHOD (CPM) TECHNIQUE Critical Path Method has been extensively used for planning and scheduling construction work for decades. As mentioned earlier, the study conducted by Tavakoli and Riachi (1990) results from responding industries has shown overwhelming satisfaction of using the CPM technique for planning and scheduling projects. The first steps in building the CPM technique is the activity list. Activity is defined as a task that consumes time and other resources for completingRead MoreConstruction Management And Construction Project Management1396 Words   |  6 PagesMichael Saavedra Construction Management- 401W Construction management or construction project management (CPM) is the overall planning, coordination, and control of a project from beginning to completion. Throughout this semester I learned many various information on construction management, from the bid package process to scheduling a projects. Also learned the various contracts and legal structure of a construction company. Overall this semester I learned the overall knowledge ofRead MoreDesign And Construction Of Cluster Teams797 Words   |  4 Pagesnot only helps increase the organization and team management, also constitutes and develops a truly environment of interdependence, communication, and cooperation. Based on some healthcare projects, the cluster teams involve in both design and construction phases with the ability to set up the Target Design Value (TDV), another tool from Lean theory discussed later in this section, and strengthen IPD applications by integrating all participants in the decision-making and throughout the entire delivery

Tools for Complex Projects-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Complex Projects. Answer: Introduction Project process planning and control in most situations sees engineering encountering complication while managing a project. Any seasoned engineer will know that every project carries with it an 80% chance of encountering a complexity. The complexity is likely to slow a project and require the engineers to develop innovative approaches, solutions, and tools to resolve the problem (Pollack and Remington 2012). For a seasoned engineer, this is what makes the engineering profession thrilling, since you are always encountering hurdles and developing solutions to resolve them delivers true satifaction. Definition of Complex Projects A Complex project is any process, procedure or project which encounters a complication or hurdle making is difficult to execute and complete. The nature, size or type of project does not limit it from being a complex project and complex projects can be found right from ones home to multimillion civil and mechanical engineering projects (Thamhain, 2013). The secret behind these projects is being able to anticipate and resolve the problems without encountering serious delays or even halting the entire project. To understand the versatility of a complex projects two examples shall be discussed below which a better understanding will related to the definitions of complex projects. Household Complex Project Terrace Leaks Many top floor apartments will begin experiencing water seepage and leaks as the building grows older. This is directly related to the roof slab developing cracks over time which allows water to seep into the apartment. Sadly many apartment owners will face major complications related to stopping this water seepage and this will have a direct negative effect on the property value. The situation is even worse if the water seepage finds its way in to the electrical wiring pipes can cause shot circuits within the terrace (Vokey, 2012). Removal of the terrace is not an option and laying additional layers of concrete is not effective resulting in a complex and unresolvable problem for the home owner. Complex Industrial Projects Oil and gas have become a basic energy source most people depend on globally. To reduce and lower transportation costs oil companies lay under-water pipelines to transport the oil and gas. Earthquakes and other natural forces will sometimes damage the pipeline resulting in a serious problem. These are classified as being among the most complex industrial projects due to the nature and location of the pipelines which need maintaince (Wang, Cao, Luan and Zhang 2008). Engineers are forced to work under water using specializes tools and will face serious limitations which hamper the projects. Mapping Project Complexity Complex project surround us in our daily lives making it important to be prepared for such incidents and retain an open and cool mind towards resolving the complication. Only by remaining open minded towards the projects complications can any individual or engineer be able to devise solutions to the problem. Once a problem has been encountered the first step linked to finding a solution is mapping the problem and its complexity. This allows the engineer to understand the extent of the problem thus allowing them to consider approaches to resolve the problem. Mapping the complexity is critical towards understanding the problem and tracing it back to its origin or cause (Gransberg, Shane, Strong and Puerto 2012). This is important as is helps resolve the problem from its source thus preventing such a problem from developing again in future. For an engineer simply replacing a broken part is not the solution but understanding why the part was compromised in the first place allows the engi neer to first resolve the trigger than replacing the broken part which ensures smooth and undisturbed operations. Always look beyond the broken part to understand what causes the part to break in the first place. In some situations, this could be directed identifiable and in other situation requires additional intuition but this is the train a project engineer must have to tackle complex projects and achieve success. Complex Project Tool Development Every project will require certain tools to be used on the project making it important for the engineer to know all available tools so and how they are used so as to utilize them on a project. Tools used on projects are not necessarily limited to hardware used on the project but also include computers, software, robots and another specialized tool (Brinkkemper 1996) An engineer should be able to understand the problem and request for or design a tool to be used on the complex project. Analysis of the Problem The first steel linked to complex project tool development is being able to understand the problem and its causes. This requires the engineer to analysis and studies the problem closely and devises an approach linked to resolving it. Tool Design and Development The Tool development process involved the designing of a new tool or redesigning of existing tools to fix the problem. This could involve using conventional tools, computers as well as robots to handle a scenario (Selby, Treffinger, Isaksen, and Lauer, 2004) There is no limitation related to complex project tool development but in most situations, this tool will be a prototype which would continue being used on the project. Tool Redesign and Refinement Over time the tool will also continue to be redesigned and modified to improve its performance and ability to resolve even more complex problem scenario which may be encounter on the project. Most projects are long terms thus the tools used for each project will continue being utilized throughout the duration of the project. Staff and Engineer Tool Use Training Projects which have long term duration will also require the senior engineer to train staff on how to use the tools developed specifically for the project. This frees the engineer to focus on other areas of the project which may require his attention and would allow the staff and personnel to utilize the tool to resolve the complex problems they encounter on the project. Project problems are only classified as complex when they are new, recurring because not identified and no permanent solution identified (Corbridge, Rugg, Major, Shadbolt and Burton 1994). Once solutions and tools have been designed and developed to resolve the complex problem the issues are classified as just a problem since a solution to resolve it has been identified. Conclusion Process Planning, Control, and effective management require for every engineer to analysis a problem without focusing on its complexity so as to develop an effective solution to the problem. Every project is expected to experience some major complication which would require for tools to be developed to resolve the complex problem. Having the knowledge and experience to utilize computers, software and existing hardware to develop tools to resolve the complex problem are what certifies engineers as a qualified, experienced and capable professional capable of handling even complex projects. References Corbridge, C., Rugg, G., Major, N.P., Shadbolt, N.R. and Burton, A.M., 1994. Laddering: technique and tool use in knowledge acquisition. Knowledge Acquisition, 6(3), pp.315-341. Pollack, J. and Remington, K., 2012. Tools for complex projects. Gower Publishing, Ltd.. Selby, E.C., Treffinger, D.J., Isaksen, S.G. and Lauer, K.J., 2004. Defining and Assessing Problem?Solving Style: Design and Development of a New Tool. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 38(4), pp.221-243. Thamhain, H., 2013. Managing risks in complex projects. Project Management Journal, 44(2), pp.20-35. Vokey, D.E., Detec Systems Llc, 2012. Method and apparatus to detect and locate roof leaks. U.S. Patent 8,319,508. Wang, Z., Cao, Q., Luan, N. and Zhang, L., 2008, April. Development of new pipeline maintenance system for repairing early-built offshore oil pipelines. In Industrial Technology, 2008. ICIT 2008. IEEE International Conference on (pp. 1-6). IEEE.

What is at is Optimal Rate of Inflation an Example of the Topic Economics Essays by

What is at is Optimal Rate of Inflation? The optimal Inflation rate can be negative, zero or slightly positive or can be any rate. The optimum rate depends on the economic perspective of the monetary Authorities and political imperatives. (Pally.T, 1998) That means the monetary policy can be based on the Friedman perspective, Neo Keynesian perspective and other economic models such as neo-classical perspectives as well it also depends on the experiences and unique market conditions in goods, labor market financial market and how they form expectation of inflation and how they react to inflation and the combination of perspectives used to determine the optimum rate of inflation. ( Akerlof G. A, Dickens.WT.Perry.L.G,2000) Need essay sample on "What is at is Optimal Rate of Inflation?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Friedman perspective of optimum rate of inflation under perfect market conditions. University Students Often Tell EssayLab writers:I'm don't want to write my essay. Because I don't have the timeSpecialists suggest: Academic Papers For SaleAcademic Writing Services Buy Essay Online Cheap Essay Company College Essay Writing Service In a perfect economy any goods is priced at its marginal cost. (Sinclair.P Nominal rate of interest is composed of two elements.(Sinclair.P They are the real interest rate, which is positive in the long-term and expected inflation. (Sinclair.P If the nominal interest rate is zero and optimal means having a monetary framework where the prices are declining and inflation to be negative to keep the nominal interest rate negative or prices are expected to keep declining not the optimum rate of inflation positive but negative there fore under Friedman perspective discussed above the optimum rate of inflation must be negative. (Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco 1997). The case for positive or zero optimum rate of inflation In a neo-classical perspective the long-term Philip curve is vertical at non-accelerating Inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU).(Hoover.K.D). That is in their perspective if government wants to reduce unemployment to reduce further than NAIRU it can achieve in the short term however the market will tend gravitate towards NAIRU in the log-term and the rate of inflation will be more than before.(Hoover.K.D). If it controls inflation say my monetary policy at NAIRU the inflation rate will come down n the short-term however in the long-term the inflation will come back to the NAIRU level. .(Hoover.K.D). In their perspective optimum rate of inflation can be any rate given the structural market conditions in an economy and the fiscal and monetary policies adopted. They assume the market will always gravitate towards the NAIRU as there exist no price rigidities or stickiness in prices and wages as well all economic participants are rational in forming inflation expectation and react to inf lation in a completely rational manner. .(Hoover.K.D). However most monetary authorities even they have some faith in the NARU they have inflation targeting policies or to determine optimum inflation rate or to control inflation to this target rate my monetary and fiscal policy initiatives.(Palley.T 1998). However there are plausible arguments to have a slightly positive inflation rate by many economists. They prefer some neo-Keynesian perspectives and some perspectives of neo classical but have their own assumption regarding how economic agents form inflation expectation and particularly how they react to inflation. The fundamental arguments are in a real market economy prices and nominal wages are sticky and minimum inflation has the effect of reducing the market power and help reduce prices. .(Sinclair.P In practice economy has occasional recessions which may be a symptom of market failure and the nominal rate cannot be zero if they are to be cut to boost aggregate demand and there fore the optimum inflation rate cannot be negative.( Sinclair.P In practice economy has occasional recessions which may be a symptom of market failure and the nominal rate cannot be zero if they are to be cut to boost aggregate demand and there fore the optimum inflation rate cannot be negative. .(Sinclair.P The effect of reducing the market power and help reduce prices. .(Sinclair.P In practice economy has occasional recessions which may be a symptom of market failure and the nominal rate cannot be zero if they are to be cut to boost aggregate demand and there fore the optimum inflation rate cannot be negative. .(Sinclair.P The effect of reducing the market power and help reduce prices. (Sinclair.P In practice economy has occasional recessions which may be a symptom of market failure and the nominal rate cannot be zero if they are to be cut to boost aggregate demand and there fore the optimum inflation rate cannot be negative. .(Sinclair.P In addition a mild inflation, which is positive make less attractive to hold currency and may be a breaker of the damage caused by the retail-banking sector. .(Sinclair.P Public finance consideration, which is the cause of market failure means that it is reasonable to tax money by mild inflation. .(Sinclair.P There is evidence to support that a mild inflation may lower-unemployment in the longer term. For example for the US Unemployment minimizing rate of annual inflation by Akerlof, Dickson and Perry to be some where between 1.5% and 4%..(Sinclair.P As well Aherlof, Dickson and Perry argued that modest inflation have an effect of clearing the market and lower unemployment. .(Sinclair.P Wyplosz looks at the data for France, Germany, Switzerland and Netherlands and concludes that inflation is not completely independent of unemployment of the rate of inflation and tally with the view that with a little inflation helps to cut unemployment not temporarily. .(Sinclair.P But it does not tell how high the inflation must be and these findings cannot be extrapolated for other countries and in time periods because of many reasons. .(Sinclair.P The public finance argument is supported by Phelps and he argues that if public goods and transfers have to be financed by the wasteful distortionary tax es why should money holdings go un taxed and taxing money may alleviate such distortions and it may also tax informal-economy transactions which are normally conducted by cash. .(Sinclair.P Conclusion The above analysis at least suggests that a slight optimum rate of inflation is plausible at least in the advanced industrialized countries. However the optimum rate of inflation can be different for different countries because of the different monetary Institutional structure and policy framework as well due to different market conditions and differences in the behavior of economic agents. How ever in a real market economy there are plausible arguments in favor of positive mild inflation rather than negative optimum inflation. This is at least empirically true on many advanced industrialized countries. The Friedman perspective of optimum negative inflation is not applicable at least in the advanced industrialized countries because of the plausible arguments discussed above and the empirical evidence supporting it. The determinants of the optimal inflation rate can also be in a policy level can also be influences in actual practice by political considerations and may change over time because of different economic models applied because of the usefulness and its theoretical and practical usefulness given the conditions and institutional changes and changes in the actual behavior of the economic agents. However given the complexity of economic workings and the occurrences of recessions and nominal rigidities and market imperfections in the labor market in particular empirically suggests that inflation targeting or the search for low-unemployment Optimum inflation rate is plausible monetary policy at least in the more advanced Industrialized countries. Bibliography Akerlof. G.A Dickens.W.T Perry.G.L. (2000). Near-Rational Wage and Price setting and Optimal Rate of Inflation. Retrieved February 27, 2007, from http://eml.berkeley.edu//~akerlof/docs/inflatn-employm.pdf Economist.Com, Falling Inflation is a World Wide Worry. (2001). Jubilee Research. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. (1997). What is the Optimal Rate of Inflation, Economic Research & Data. Hoover.K.D. Phiilips Curve, The concise Encyclopedia of Economics Palley. T (1998). Zero is not the Optimum Rate of Inflation. Sinclair.P & Norman. H (2003) The Optimal rate of Inflation: an academic perspective, Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin.

Whats the Difference Subsidized vs Unsubsidized Loans

What's the Difference Subsidized vs Unsubsidized Loans SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If there's a gap between what you actuallyhave to pay for college and your school's price tag, you might be considering taking out student loans. What you might not know is that there are different types of student loans, with different terms and restrictions. First, we'll cover the basics of what it means to take on student debt. Then, we'll walk you through the differences between two major federal loan types: Direct Subsidized and Direct Unsubsidized. If you want a quick overview, just jump to the end of the article for a side-by-side comparison! First of All, What Does It Mean to Take Out a Loan? It's not uncommon for there to be a gap between what students can afford, and what college actually costs. This is where student loans come in: you can borrow money to pay for school, with the understanding that you'll pay it back (in addition to a bit extra) after you graduate. The amount of money that you actually borrow is called the principal, whereas the "extra" amount is called interest. A Little More About Interest Interest rates are always set as a percentage, so when you pay back your loan (principal + interest), you're paying back what you borrowed plus a percentage of what you borrowed. Lower interest rates = better loans, because the percentage of "extra" money you have to pay back is smaller. Here's a very simple example to demonstrate what I mean: If I borrow $100 with an annual interest rate of 10%, and I want to pay off the principal + interest in full one year later, I would owe $110 ($100 principal + 10% of $100 = $110). If I had an interest rate of 1%, though, I would only owe $101. Student loans work in the same way, although students usually borrow a bit more than $100. The amount of money you actually end up paying back depends of course on your loan principal and interest rate, but also on how often your interest capitalizes. Capitalization is when accrued (accumulated) interest is added to your principal, so you would pay interest on your original principal + capitalized interest. Bigger principal = more interest, so the less often your interest capitalizes, the better. The amount of money you end up paying back in interest also depends on how long it takes you to pay off your loan. You usually don't pay off your loan at once; you make monthly payments on interest + part of your principle. Many student loans set monthly payments that assume you will pay off your loan in 120 months, but you are free to make more than the minimum payments.The longer it takes you to pay your loan, the more interest accrues. All loans charge interest, but some lenders offer better interest rates than others. The federal government tends to offer comparatively low interest rates to student borrowers; in the rest of this post, I'll be discussing the two major types of federal student loans. The lower your interest rates, the less you'll owe in the long run. Direct Subsidized Loans Direct Subsidized loans are meant to help eligible students pay for the cost of highereducation. The thing that's most unique about Direct Subsidized loans is that the U.S. Department of Education pays the interest on your student loans during certain periods. When your interest is being paid, it can't accrue or capitalize, so your principal doesn't grow (this is a good thing)! If you have a Direct Subsidized loan, you won't accrue any interest during the following periods: when you're in school at least half-time for the first 6 months after you leave school (this is called agrace period) during a period of deferment (a postponing of loan payments) You can apply for a Direct Unsubsidized loan by submitting a Free Application for Federal Student Aid, or FAFSA. Eligibility Limits First, because Direct Unsubsidized loans are forms of federal student aid, you must meet all federal student aid requirements to be considered eligible. You can get more information about these requirements here. Direct Subsidized loans are only available to undergraduate students with financial need. Your school ultimately decides how much you can borrow; the amount cannot exceed what they determine to be your financial need. There is a maximum eligibility window for you to receive Direct Subsidized loans, equivalent to 150% of your program length. For example, if you're enrolled in a 4-year college, you can only receive subsidized loans for 4*150% = 6 years. If you're enrolled in a 2-year college, your limit would be 2*150% = 3 years. Finally, there's a limit to how much you can borrow in Direct Subsidized loans - this amount depends on your year in school. The following chart outlines the annual limits and the lifetime max for Direct Subsidized loans. Year Subsidized Loan Limit 1st Year Undergrad Annual Limit $3,500 2nd Year Undergrad Annual Limit $4,500 3rd Year Undergrad Beyond Annual Limit $5,500 Subsidized Total Loan Lifetime Max $23,000 Direct Unsubsidized Loans Direct Unsubsidized loans are similar to Direct Subsidized loans in that they're meant to help students pay for the cost of higher education. Unlike Direct Subsidized loans, interest starts accruing as soon as the loan is disbursed (paid out). You do not have to make payments while you're in school, or during a grace or deferment period. You can apply for a Direct Unsubsidized loan by submitting a FAFSA. Eligibility Limits Direct Unsubsidized loans are a bit more flexible than Direct Subsidized loans. You still must meet all federal student aid requirements to be eligible, but these loans are available to both undergraduates and graduates. Additionally, you're not required to demonstrate financial need in order to get an unsubsidized loan. Ultimately, your school will determine how much you can borrow depending on your cost of attendance and the rest of your financial aid package. For example, if your cost of attendance is covered by grants, scholarships, and Direct Subsidized loans, you may not be able to take out a Direct Unsubsidized loan. Unlike Direct Subsidized loans, there is no maximum eligibility window or period. There is a maximum borrowing amount, which depends on your year in school. All the maximums below also include any federal subsidized loan amounts (for example, if you're a dependent student who receives $1,000 in Direct Subsidized loans your freshman year, you could take out a max of $4,500 in Direct Unsubsidized loans): Year Dependent Students Independent Students 1st Year Undergrad Annual Limit $5,500 $9,500 2nd Year Undergrad Annual Limit $6,500 $10,500 3rd Year Undergrad Beyond Annual Limit $7,500 $12,500 Graduate/Professional Student Annual Limit Not applicable $20,500 Subsidized Total Loan Lifetime Max $31,000 $57,500 for undergrads $138,500 for grad/professional students (includes any federal loans received for undergrad study) Loan Interest Rates Fees I've discussed how important interest rates are when you're considering taking out student loans. When you take out loans from a private lender (from a bank, from example), interest rates may vary based on credit history. Federal student loan rates for Direct Subsidized and Unsubsidized loans are standardized, and are typically pretty low; this means that interest rates are the same for all students, regardless of personal or parental credit history. This chart shows interest rates based on loan type and borrower type for loans disbursed (paid out) before 7/1/2016: Loan Type Borrower Type Interest Rate Direct Subsidized Undergraduate 4.29% Direct Unsubsidized Undergraduate 4.29% Direct Unsubsidized Graduate/Professional 5.84% We've already talked a bit about how interest is sort of like a charge that you pay in return for being able to borrow a principle. Unfortunately, there's another fee that you're charged when you take out a subsudized or unsubsidized loan. This fee isn't interest, so it doesn't accumulate; instead, a percentage is deducted from the amount you borrowed automatically when the loan is disbursed. You're responsible for paying back the entire amount that you borrowed, and not just the amount you received after the fee is deducted. The following chart outlines loan fee percentages by disbursement date - the fees are the same for subsidized and unsubsidized loans: First Disbursement Date Loan Fee On or after 10/1/14 and before 10/1/15 1.073% On or after 10/1/15 and before 10/1/16 1.068% A Real You've just been presented with a lot of information about the differences and similarities between subsidized and unsubsidized loans. I've come up with an example based on typical student debt amounts so that you can see different financial outcomes based on subsidized vs. unsubsidized loans. The average student has about $26,000-$29,000 in federal student debt at graduation from a 4-year college (students who have graduated from private schools tend to be at the higher end of that range, whereas students from public schools tend to be at the lower end). That comes out to about $7,000 in loans per year. For the sake of this example, let's say I take out the maximum amount in subsidized loans my freshman year ($3,500), and take out another $3,500 in unsubsidized loans for a total of $7,000.Interest will accrue while I'm in school on my unsubsidized loan, so my balance due at graduation will differ significantly based on loan type, even though the original principals were the same. I would end up paying about $900 more on my unsubsidized loan than on my subsidized loan. UNSUBSIDIZED SUBSIDIZED Amount Borrowed $3,500 $3,500 Interest Rate 4.29% 4.29% Interest Accrued During School (4 years) $640 $0 Balance Owed at Graduation $4,140 $3,500 Time to Payoff at $50/month (Interest accrues for both subsidized and unsubsidized loans during this period) 99 months 81 months Total Amount Paid $4,950 $4,050 Usually, standard loan repayment happens over 120 months, not 99 or 81. Minimum monthly payments for these loans are $50, though, which is why the repayment periods are a bit shorter here. Most students who take out federal loans have some combination of subsidized and unsubsidized. The average 4-year college graduate will have monthly student loan payments of about $275 on the standard 10-year repayment plan, and will ultimately pay back $32,600 in principal + interest. Side-by-Side Comparison We've gotten into all the nitty-gritty details, but here I've put everything together in an at-a-glance reference. If you're looking for distilled information on the differences between Direct Subsidized and Direct Unsubsidized loans, this is the section for you. For any points of clarification, just refer back to the corresponding sections earlier in the post. DIRECT SUBSIDIZED LOAN DIRECT UNSUBSIDIZEDLOAN Lender Federal government Federal government Interest accrual during school, grace period, deferment period NO YES Eligibility Undergraduate only Undergraduate graduate/professional Must demonstrate financial need? YES NO Maximum eligibility window YES (150% length of program) NO Maximum award amount YES (see chart above) YES (see chart above) Interest Rate (7/1/15-7/1/16) 4.29% 4.29% undergraduate 5.84% graduate/professional Loan Fee 1.073% 10/1/14-9/30/15 1.068% 10/1/15-9/30/16 1.073% 10/1/14-9/30/15 1.068% 10/1/15-9/30/16 Application FAFSA FAFSA What's Next? Loans aren't the only type of federal financial aid. Want to learn about money that you don't have to pay back? Check out our guide on how to get a Pell Grant. Before you apply, learn more about Pell Grant eligibility requirements, limits, and application instructions. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Assignment - Essay Example The mayor of London was bestowed with the authority to take over the strategic roles and responsibility that would oversee the performance of different departments. In this consultative agreement, the mayor was assigned a major role to stimulate socio-economic expansion and development of the environment (Imrie, 2009). Moreover, the mayor was endorsed with the role of setting legislative strategies on various sectors in London such as transport, planning, and waste management. The aim of the statutory strategies was to improve the welfare of the people of London city as well as increase the power of the mayor of London. Moreover, the mayor was made responsible for setting up the budget of the city and the entire Greater London Authority. Moreover, the mayor was to oversee the budget planning of the subsidiaries of Greater London Authority such as the London Development Agency (LDA), the Metropolitan Police Authority (MPA) and London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority (LFEPA), Tran sport for London (TfL). In this agreement, the mayor was also responsible for appointing boards for the TfL, and LDA (Allmendinger, 2006). Literature Review Following the agreement, the mayor formulated policies that gave support to the development of sustainable environment. The aim of these policies was to facilitate well-organized age group use, and supply of energy in London. In addition, the aim of these policies by the mayor was to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to deal with issues of climate change. Change of climate has been one of the most daring threats for the lives of the people of London city. Furthermore, London is challenged by lack of fuels therefore necessitating the formation of policies which would that would emphasis on the environment especially the issues that facilitate preservation of the surroundings for better well-being among the people (Greater London Authority, 2010). In his policy, the mayor of London was supposed to develop a legislative responsib ility that permits formulation of strategies that favor energy policies that are auspicious to the environment. The policies would achieve this through distribution of energy efficiency expenses to meet the wants of diverse individuals in the city. Recent research has predicted that water will be an unavailable resource in London owing to climate change and the growth of population in the region. The policies have led to the formation of Mayor’s Water Action Framework that is accountable for the regulation of water price limits in London (Greater London Authority, 2010). According to The Greater London Authority (2010), the framework molded would function under the leadership of environment agency. It is mandatory that all issues related to energy sources and water distribution be environmentally friendly in order to safeguard the well-being of the people of London is enhanced. It is imperative to take into consideration that manufacturing firms can easily contaminate the env irons through emission of fumes such as Carbon IV oxide, which destroys the ozone layer. Furthermore, discarding waste products such as chemical compounds, which are by-products of manufacturing processes, can also contaminate the surroundings through pollution of water particularly in the