Eriksonian Perspective Essay Example for Free

Eriksonian Perspective EssayGreene (1991) described Eriksonian perspective on serviceman t severallying from the idea of epigenesis, in which each exploitational lay out depends upon the resolution and completion of the previous one. This idea proposed that anything that growth has a concrete map, from which it is understood that each deliver has its time of passing(a). The Greenes description advocates that human maturement is biopsychosocial and it is present finishedout the human support. It is driven by a biologi forestally set plan with the social identicalness being conditioned by a social factor. Erikson argued that the human ego strives to improvement that is toward mastery of its environment. Thus individualized effectiveness being promoted by the social organization becomes the driven mechanics behind the progression of each lay out. Erikson derived eight developmental st successions with each the pitcome of the resolution serving as the first step toward th e next progressively superior stage (Greene, 1991). Although each and different culture resolves the unique requirements for the development differently, such(prenominal) progression is said to be universal in all cultures and human organizations.Thus we back observe a common denominator that match to Erikson (Greene, 1991) is a biological program toward improvement. Baltes, Lindenberger Staudinge (1999) support Greenes view but attempted to view the stages of development from the hard-nosed perspective. They saw the personalitys progression through the life stages as adaptive mechanism make and guided with the needs and pressures of the environment. In other words, they prone more to the flower of view in which the environment rather than biology was the major player in the human development.Based on this assumption, the authors suggested to view at lifespan psychology from the individuals standpoint suggesting that two different people would develop differently even under ex actly the same environmental stimuli. Ontogenesis or the study of individual development (Baltes et al. , 1999) appears to be more practical and functional. It considers the individuals concern of acquisition, maintenance, transformation, and attrition (Baltes et al. , 1999) adaptive processes throughout the lifespan.However, such Westernized capriciousness is non eagerly shared by some researchers (Coughlan Welsh-Breetzke, 2002). They, in particular, suggested that Eriksonian perspective is male-dominated and was presented in the Westernized context thus making individualized and masculianized human development as the blanket for the theory. check to them, such propagation of individuality, competition, self-interest, comparative judgment, and value imperialism devalues other life systems and steps away from the diversified views of human development.As Erikson argued (Greene, 1991) the tikes personality is first affected by the mother and then transformed through the developm ental stages within and by small groups, large groups, organizations, governments, religions, and the earthly concern at large. The child in infancy was thought to obey inner laws of development the inner drives that lead the child toward realization of the full potential through interaction with the environment.Such interaction with the environment causes inner restructuring of personality traits, which, through integration and synthesis, leads toward the full and complete realization of that particular stage. From Greenes work (1991) we victimize that stage 1 which is called Basic Trust Versus basic Mistrust lasts through two years of age and involves the establishment of trust by the infant toward the members of the family. The more or less illustrative of such roll in the hay be little Michelle, the character from the Full House.Her interactions constantly bring the development of new personality that can be characterized by newly developed psychosocial strength (i. e. highe r degree of confidence in her communications). The second stage, Autonomy Versus Shame is characterized with evolution of self-control and not loosing the face in the process. Such emphasis on self-esteem is important because the children of this age easily become shamed and can develop psychosocial issues of holding on and letting go (Christiansen Palkovitz,1998).The self-made resolution of this stage manifests in the childs ability to become more independent, with some gender differences. For example (Christiansen Palkovitz, 1998) argued that male infants on his stage of development are more individualistic than their female counterparts. Coming back to Full House characters, we indeed, see that the little Michelle (once she became a little older) tends to gravitate toward her sisters and unceasingly seeking their approval. The child on the stage three, Initiative Versus Guilt, develops the sense of purpose, especially noticeable during the playtime.The sense of purpose drives the child toward the active exploration of the environment and according to Erikson (Greene, 1991) brings her to the discovery of the lack of a penis. Contrary to the Freud, Erikson believed that such and inevitable (in some societies) discovery of inequity is driven more so socially than biologically (Greene, 1991). The successful resolution of this stage is uninhibited involvement in play with other playmates. The children on the stage four, Industry Versus Inferiority, start school.This is a major transition in their lives and involved changing of perspective from the small family-based group to the larger social groups. According to Eriksonian perspective, the main drive for children on this stage is to become industrial which involves developing skills and competence through meaningful performances. The crisis on this stage may occur when the childs self-efficacy is undermined. Learning collaborative skills and experiences can be critical at this stage of development. Stacy in Full House was often intimidated by collaborative involvement trying to achieve the performance of tasks independently.Her father and uncles often taught her that eruditeness how to collaborate and contribute would make things easier and more effective. Almost each episode suggested how Stacy (and her sisters) put a lot of effort toward performing any task. The child experiencing successes at creating and producing some value together with his or her peers (or parents) is critical toward the stage resolution (Greene, 1991). From the age of 12 through 22, the childish experiences Identity Versus Identity Confusion. This is the stage when adolescent develops into the young adult and is seeking personal and unique identity.The stability of self-representation is crucial and is manifested in the desire to develop autonomy from parents, individuality of opinions, acceptance of his or her informal preferences, and commitment to the career choices. The struggling with the issue of self ness often causes to name such stage as the most surd. During the stage, the influence of peer groups become most eat and focuses of interaction. The ability to sustain loyalties is the desired outcome of the resolution for this stage.Either polarity we can see in characters of the movies like Girl Interrupted, Mean Girls, til now Stevens, and others. It is an continuous parade of searched identities and strive for the independence in opinions and attitudes. When the young adult enters stage six (22 through 34) he or she enters Intimacy versus isolation. The focus of his or her life becomes developing of the meaningful relationships and seeking the intimacy experiences. This is the stage when most adults develop meaningful relationships to start a family.Becoming a loner and shutting belt d possess others is a crisis to compare to a resolution of this stage. Many film features exhibit important characteristics of selfless love, on one side, and ruined families on another as pict uresque illustration of this stages characteristics. One of the features that come to mind is Click, in which the main character is taught a lesson that commitment to family is more important than personal comfort. Even the legendary Casanova in the feature with the same name shows that final offering of commitment to start a family was an only choice.When a person advances in years and through the stages of development on to the stage 7, Generativity Versus Stagnation, he or se is concerned with teaching and guiding the next generation. The proficiency of this stage is usually takes in an ability of taking care of others (Christiansen Palkovitz,1998). The crisis may result when the person feels stagnated without being able to share personal expertise to others, especially the younger generation. This is tremendously visible in Full House as the father of the girls is trying his best to teach and guide his children.He is visibly content and happy when his book of instructions an d guidance are accepted. The final stage, starting at about 60 deals with Integrity Versus Despair. This is when the person is concerned of personal usefulness to others during his or her lifetime. As Greene wrote in his book, Integrity is achieved by individuals who receive few regrets, who have lived productive lives, and who cope as well with their failures as they do with their successes. There is an appreciation of the life as the whole and a content of the life well lived.People with full resolution of this stage are not afraid of death, thus develop what we call wisdom. The feature Bicentennial Man shows that quite vividly. The android becoming a human develops wisdom through the personal choice of growing old and dying(p) in the course of the old age, although as android he could live forever. In conclusion, it is worth noticing that despite the fact that the study examines the idea of epigenesis, one can find that the transition from one developmental stage to another is not always exactly predetermined by age.For example, fro Eriksons argument, each stage has a certain age limit. However, we are aware that not everyone fits exactly in to such age limitation and depending upon the unique characteristics of personality, micro-culture (i. e. family), group culture (i. e. school), and macro-culture (i. e. government) the age boundaries for each stage might be different. The idea that everything that growth has a concrete map from which it is understood that each stage has a certain time of passing has been observed empirically on many living species.However, we cannot claim that each species has exactly the same time passing for each stage of growth. There depart be some differentiation. In such, experimental results that examine the life cycle of one species will weaken the above-discussed theory due to the fact that it is very difficult if not impossible to determine the exact age boundaries between the developmental stages from one representative of the species to another. My personal opinion lies in parallel with this conclusion.Observing my own developing in contrast with Eriksonian perspective, I find that stage four, for example, and in my case, extended before age six and way after age 12. My stage five began at age 14 rather than according to Eriksons perspective, age 12. Many a time, the stage six begin after the age of 24 (not 22) and continues through early 40s (at least with my acquaintances). Thus, the exact map of stage development is not so exact, after all, and depends upon numerous factors I already have mentioned. Penuel (1995) in his article put the focus on identity formation.According to him, although this research primarily was based on Eriksonian perspective, there is a clear notion that each and single individual develops his or her identity not unavoidably in agreement with concrete time schedule of Eriksons stages of development. Penuel made a point that despite the fact that Vygotsky offered theoret ical foundation of identity formation, the specific guidelines behind sociocultural influence on identity were not set. Penuel urged not to supervene upon Vigotskys view on the identity development by Eriksons theory but to integrate both.Thus, the main study point in Penvues article would be strong but not mechanistic influence of sociocultural processes on the identity formation. The discussion presented in this work strengthen my ideas that the development of an identity is more affected by external factors, like micro-culture, group-culture, and macro-culture and is not always follows the strict age-set boundaries. Observing my own and my friends identity formation support this notion. Stevenson-Hinde (1994) looked at human development from the different perspective.It is more systemic as in the behaviors are interconnected within the specific system, and in thus if one fate is affected others are affected as well. Such perspective deviates even more from he straightforward Eri ksons theory. It is not anymore the stage development but the systemic organization of behaviors, according to Stevenson-Hinde. This study weakens the theory and my idea about the identity formation. Although and without argument some behaviors are interrelated, this fact is not necessarily the cause of identity formulation.The effect comes from the external environment thus the sociocultural characteristics affect the identity development more than the resulting set of behaviors. This conclusion s supported by self-observation. Examining my own interrelated behaviors I clearly see that those are the effect not the cause of the environmental influences. Thus environmental influences affect my behaviors that in turn help in identity formation. Horst (1995) argued with the general notion that the Eriksons perspective did not consider accurate depiction of development through the lenses of gender.According to her claim, contrary would be more accurate. Careful study of Eriksons stages of development does consider the gender identity in which gender is relational to components of identity formation. The point of her article is thus, to consider that the gender has an influence on identity formation. This study strengthens my views on the theory in its notion of the gender influence. Certainly, male and female would not develop equally and would not manifest the same identity formation. The differential depends upon their own perspective of self as either male or female.Even more so, how their external environment views them on the gender scale from less feminine to more feminine and from less muscular to more muscular. Thus, their identity is formed not only from the point of view of being a human but also being a male and female and its specific locating on the gender scale. My personal observations support this viewpoint. External attitudes, first from my immediate family and then from my friends) confirmed and helped me develop my identity IQ and specifically my gender identity IQ.

1906 British General Election Essay Example for Free

1906 British General Election EssayThe Liberals lapped on the conservatives weaknesses, and employ that to their strengths. The leadership of Campbell-Bannerman proved as a success by thro deliver the goodsg out accusations towarfareds the Tories, like their methods of barbarism and Chinese slavery. They also had young, dynamic MPs and the gaining of Winston Churchill. The liberals opposed the obligation re parvenu and supported free trade like many working class voters. The Tories had won 334 seats in the 1900 election that that went beat to 157 seats in the 1906 election, which is a loss of 177 seats. further on the other hand in the 1900 election the Liberals had 187 seats but by 1906 election they had bygone up to 401 seats, which is a gain of 214 seats The Conservative society introduced two new subprograms just before this General Election which decreased their popularity. The Education move of 1902 was an attempt by the Tories to improve national efficiency Bri tain must improve the health and well-being of the nation if it was to remain a leading world power. The act abolished school boards, which meant that taxpayers funded primary school education.Although this was a successful constitution, (attendance increased from 94,000 in 1905 to 200,000 by 1914) it angered non-conformists who were shock that their taxes were being used to fund church schools. In fact, the Act was branded Rome on Rates, as the Catholic Church was benefiting from taxes being paid by anti-Catholic citizens Balfour soon had to control a revolt as 7000 people refused to pay their taxes. This rebellion shows just how unpopular this act was and reduced the amount of support for the Conservatives. The Conservative party also had a Laissez Faire attitude, which means you ar on your own with your health and wealth. Booth and Roundtrees studies showed that 1/3 of the population were in Poverty and in the Boer War soldiers were declared to unhealthy to fight. The Non-Conf ormists were also outraged by the Licensing Act of 1904, which aimed to reduce the public figure of pubs in areas where they were not needed.However, the establishment paid compensation to the brewers whose pubs were mingyd down which angered voters as the brewers were receiving unnecessary government funds. This act, The Brewers Bill was another attempt by the Conservatives to introduce reform,which ended in their popularity decreasing in the 1906 election. These acts were important, not only because they weakened Conservative support but also because they gave the Liberal party new policies to increase popularity they promised to reverse the Education and Licensing Acts, which made them more attractive to Non-Conformists. The reforms gave the Liberal party strength whereas in 1900, they had been soften over the issue of home rule and had suffered from faddism. The first major event that had an impact on the general election of 1906 was the Boer War.There are a number of reason s why the Boer War occurred, the first being Joseph Chamberlains appointment as colonial secretary whose job it was to strengthen the empire. South Africa was important in these plans as it had the just about valuable land on the continent not only because of its trading location but also because of the recently discovered Witwatersrand goldfields growing wealth. Agreements in 1881 and 1884 gave the Boer states independence but they faced interference from imperialist Britain which escalated hostilities. These and other factors eventually led to war with the Boer states. Views were split on the subject but as the war went on the Conservatives were being increasingly blamed for their military inexperience.The war also allowed the Liberals to start a revival as it took views off the internal cracks in the party and gave it a united front as most Liberals disagreed with the war. The Boer war also created other issues for the Conservatives. There were 50,00 Chinese workers in South Afr ica (or also as it is cognize as Chinese Slavery) and despite the Conservative government having little to do with it the Liberals could portray them as exploiters of workers due to the long hours, poor pay and neglect of rights they had. This harmed the Conservatives reputation with middle class voters because of the humanitarian issues (methods of barbarism) but more importantly badly damaged their reputation with working class voters because not only did it close off potential job opportunities in South Africa but also made many worried that they may implement the practice in Britain. some other major event that had an impact on the election was the retirement of Lord Salisbury who had been influential in the revival of the Conservatives and the alliance with the Unionists.Salisburys successor, Balfour can be seen as another reason for the revival of the Liberal Party. As soon as Balfour was appointed the Unionist alliance began to break. Balfour is partly to blame for Chamber lains attempt to implementthe tariff reform in 1903. Although Balfour had little to do with it he failed to stop Chamberlain putting the reform forward which led to many people questioning his authority. This controversial policy split the unionist alliance so much so that many voters turned to the Liberals. The split was in three ways. Whole Hoggers who supported the tariff reform fully. There were Free fooders whom were mostly Liberal Unionists where they supported free trade and absolutely hated the idea. Then finally there were the Balfourites who tried to create rest throughout the party.The reform stated that all non-British (and British Empire as well just pay lower taxes) colonies should have to pay tariffs on imports into Britain. But free trade was indented into British society and nearly all voters were against the idea as no one wanted to pay more for the same products. other damaging misestimate by Balfour was the decision not to take any action on the Taff Vale incid ent. The railway workers on the Taff Vale railway went on strike in 1900. The management replaced them with National free labour association workers and then took the union to court for damages. The judge ruled in favour of the community which angered thousands of trade union members who wanted change but by 1905 the Conservatives had not taken any action whereas the Liberals and Labour were supporting change.Balfours successive miscalculations with this serial of events led many to change their allegiances and angered many, none more than the working class who were becoming increasingly important. However it was not just Conservative weaknesses that caused the Liberals to win a victory in the 1906 general election, but also Liberals renewed strength. Henry Campbell-Bannerman, Herbert Asquith and William Gladstone are all acknowledged as great leaders and also with more dynamic MPs, ( David Lloyd George, Herbert Samuel, Winston Churchill) while the Conservatives kept making mistak es the Liberals were gaining support, creating policies the public supported and forming alliances such as the Lib-Lab Pact. (The Liberal Party agreed to leave off parliamentary candidates in some constituencies where the Labour was also standing in order to make sure the anti-Tory vote was not split.)And with the mess of the conservatives the Liberals promised to introduce brotherly reforms. Overall, I think the statement is valid, as the Tories had their chance to show the public what they had to offer, but they failed and they wanted to have something new andfresh. The Liberals took the Conservatives weaknesses to their advantage and won With their fresh new MPs it looked like the government, the future looked bright for the people in poverty.

Brain in a Vat Theory by Hilary Putnam | Analysis

Brain in a Vat Theory by Hilary Putnam analytic thinkingIn Hilary Putnams Brain-in-a- bathtub (BIV) example, a population exists in which brains, a neuroscientist, a super cultivation processing system cartroad simulations of brains contained in a vat, and the vat itself are the neertheless objects. These items have either always existed or appeared completely randomly with each item in the alike state (i.e. computers running simulations, brains are in vats, etc.) Understanding this, imagine the following scenarioYou are the evil scientist who monitors BIVs and the experiences they receive from the computers. You ensure that all the BIVs connected believe they are living a functional life in Springfield, Illinois. One of your BIVs is code-named The Chancellor. After some time passes, the Chancellor virtually utters the phrase I know I am notwithstanding a brain-in-a-vat, which he believes to be true, and and so continues on with his programmed functions.The BIV scenario Pu tnam presents is one such argument positing the atheistic hypothesis. Much like the Descartes Evil Genius, the skeptical hypothesis calls into doubt ones knowledge of the external realness. While the Evil Genius relies on a supreme deceiving deity, Putnams BIV ponders the effects of a mad scientist using computers to create illusory perceptions and experiences. Traditional skeptics contend we are unable to discern the BIV hypothesis as nonsensical if we were to grant the BIV premises as true, accordingly our experiences would appear just they presently do (Stanford 2009). Consequently, skeptics maintain that we escape the ability to know anything about the world external to us.Putnam applies his semantic externalism and consequently deems the scenario with the Chancellor impossible. Semantic externalism is a invent of externalism where meanings and truth conditions of ones sentences, and the contents of ones intentional genial states, depend upon the character of ones external , causal environment (Stanford 2009). More exactly, he steeringes his c erstrn to the first-person sentence, I am a brain-in-a-vat to present that an instance in which the Chancellor verbally uttered said phrase is necessarily false. Consequently, Putnam deduces that we mustnt be BIVs. I will argue that Putnam misuses the definition of vat in his brain-in-a-vat experiment, in that respectby decreasing his likelihood of disproving the skeptical hypothesis. In this essay, I will define semantic externalism, followed by Putnams use of it against three different BIV scenarios.If we were to accept semantic externalism, then we would necessarily concede that how we define a term is not the sole factor in deciding what the word means to us. A commonalty example would be the examination of a familiar substance (e.g. water) and how its meaning would remain constant even before encountering it. More precisely, those who adhere to semantic externalism would fit the word water as a term ascribed to a substance with a chemical composition of H2O before scientists had discerned the molecules comprising it however, the composition of this substance we had label water did, to some extent, contribute to our meaning (DeRose 102). For Putnam, interaction with things in the world represents the external factor. For example, consider two people who have the same mental states and then start interacting with substances which are cosmetically similar while thus far composed of different molecules. Perhaps one individual interacts exclusively with Ag (silver), and the former(a) interacts simply with ABC, but both learn the word silver to refer to each of their respective substances. As a result, each individual would have the same mental states (desires, beliefs, volitions, etc.), but with differing in what they reference silver would mean Ag for one, and ABC for the other.In order for Putnam to connect semantic externalism to his BIV experiment, he begins by noting that it is necessary to acknowledge that any articulation of the sentence I am a brain-in-a-vat appears to be self-refuting. More precisely, if we were to maintain this sentence to be true, the sentence would still derive a false conclusion since we couldnt say I am a brain-in-a-vat and know that I am in such a state. Take for example the argument there is no definite statement. If you view this statement as true, it would have to be false because it is a definite statement. If you posited the statement to be false, then the answer is still false.To demonstrate how this relates to Putnams BIVs, first assume that we veridically exist in the tangible world (T) just as commonly held, instead of in vats (instance T, where T is the tangible world.) We have the following(T1) If I nurture going in a Tangible world, I am not a Brain-in-a-vat.(T2) In instance T, I live in a tangible world.(TC) I am not a Brain-in-a-vat (True)(T1, T2)I am not a BIV. (TC)Next, consider we are now the brains in t he vats a different instance (instance BIV). In this instance BIV, an intricate computer science system continually feeds us phenomenal experiences. So, we now have the complicated computing system sending us signals for us to construct our experiences. Now we have a different problem in instance BIV(BIV1)If I am an actual BIV, a computer is sending me phenomenal experiences.(BIV2) I am an actual BIV.(BIV3)A computer is sending me phenomenal experiences. (BIV1, BIV2)(BIV4)If I utter I am a BIV, I am a brain-in-a-vat. (False, BIV3)(BIVC) I am not a brain-in-a-vat (True) (BIV1, BIV2, BIV3, BIV4)Thus, I am not a brain-in-a-vat (BIVC)To clarify, semantic externalism implies that the subject will never interact with the Tangible vats in the world. So, when the Chancellor iterates vat, he does not mean tangible-vats, but instead the origin of these electric impulses. More precisely, when he says vat he means artificial-vats because he actually interacted with a computer program. If the C hancellor was referring to a brain in the instance BIV, that brain would be referring to the electrical impulses sent from the computer in the form of artificial vats. Therefore, we arrive at the following scenario(BIV1) I am a brain-in-a-vat (False)(BIV1) implies (BIV2) I am not a brain-in-a-vat (True)(BIV1, BIV2) implies we are not brains in vats.Consequently, the notion that I am a brain-in-a-vat appears to be a self-refuting according to Putnam.After Putnam believes he has established this self-refutation, he must form a generic (i.e. universally applicable) argument (U). Hence, the following instanceIteration of (U1) I am a brain-in-a-vat (false, necessarily)(U2) I am not a brain-in-a-vat (from U1)(true, necessarily)(UC)If I am not a brain-in-a-vat, then we are not brains in vats.We are not brains in vats. (UC)The uttering of I am a brain-in-a-vat must be false since the instance BIV concludes that we are not brains in vats. As a result, we mustnt be brains in vats according to this logic. While on the surface this may take care sound, I intend to show how Putnam may have missed the mark.At first glance, the logic behind the Tangible world instance, the BIV instance, and the Universal instance may seem identical insofar as they each deduce we are not brains in vats however, each stipulation incorporates a different meaning of the word vat. The vat used in the Universal instance represents an obscure term in the midst of the first two mentioned instances (i.e. Tangible world and BIV instance) the Tangible vat represents vats from the tangible world just as we would perceive it today and the BIV vat stands for the virtual vat that the super phenomenal computer has created for us with its electric signals. Putnams error occurs when he doesnt infer the vat definition by using the latter sense of the artificial vat throughout instance BIV. While a bit confusing, it seems Putnam considers the instance (BIV1) since the only time it is true is in the latter se nse of vat. Putnam in addition wants to tie this definition to the Tangible world. After all, we all live in the tangible world and would want to believe we are not brains in vats while in the tangible world. Unfortunately, using slightly different definitions during an attempt to prove this conclusion hampers the argument. In other words, his argument is either that (BIV1) implies (BIV2) implies (TC) or that (BIV1) implies (T2) implies (TC) however, these arguments fail to hold true.It is unnecessary to consider both possibilities in depth independently, since they can both be repudiated on the same criteria. Whether going from (BIV2) to (TC), or from (BIV1) to (T2), Putnam makes an observation about BIV-vats, and then uses that to make a claim about Tangible-vats. The true statement, (BIV2) I am a not a brain in a virtual-vat fails to imply Not being brains in tangible-vats. Likewise, (T2) I am not a brain in a tangible-vat being true, fails to follow from (BIV1) I am a brain in an artificial-vat being false. The lack of a constant definition of vat poses one momentous stumbling block for Putnam however, if you maintain a certain degree of what constitutes vat, the argument still remains invalid and runs into other problems which I will not address here.I have attempted to argue that one cannot get to (TC) from (BIV1) however, anyone who subscribes to Putnams argument against brains-in-vats might argue the opposite. It is important to recognize the conditions surrounding the argument. More precisely, Putnam presupposes we live in the inhering world. The skeptics main argument is that we lack the knowledge to discern whether or not we exist as brains in vats. We would only be able to differentiate between the instances and the vat usage if we new definitively which instances were being referenced.Semantic externalism lacks the ability to liberate us from a skeptical hypothesis. Putnam fails to show that we can not be Brains in Vats, but he does show that i f we were a BIV and uttered the phrase I am a BIV, we would not know it. He fails to cinch a synthetic loop and all he really shows is that the brain in the vat couldnt know it was a brain-in-a-vat. If Putnams version of semantic externalism is correct, but we are brains in vats, then we lack the ability to discuss the tangible-world. For example, if we assume that we are brains in vats, when I said the worlds tangible-world in the previous sentence, I was actually referring to the artificial world because that is what I have been interacting with. Therefore, provided that the skeptic is correct that we would not know if we were brains in a vat, and overly assuming that Putnams semantic externalism is similarly correct, then we simply do lack the knowledge of the meaning of the words in our vocabulary. More precisely, assuming that interaction remains critical to gaining understanding and meaning, then it becomes a necessity to know precisely with what we must interact. Hilary Put nam attempted to embrace semantic externalism in hopes of freeing us from skeptics however, Putnam did illustrate that BIVs wouldnt be able to say or even think they were BIVs, thereby demonstrating a quandary for semantic externalism.Works CitedDeRose, Keith. Responding to Skepticism. Skepticism A Contemporary Reader. New York Oxford UP, USA, 1999. Print.Putnam, Hilary. Brains in a Vat. Putnam on Brains in a Vat. 2 Mar. 2005. Drexel University. 10 Oct. 2009 .Unknown. Brains in a Vat. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 29 Oct. 2004. SEP. 10 Oct. 2009 . tube Franchise bone up and Management AnalysisSubway Franchise SWOT and Management AnalysisAnalyze the use of goods and proceedsss and objectives using the mission statement as the basis.1.1 Mission Statement of the selected establishmentTo provide the tools and knowledge to allow entrepreneurs to successfully compete in the QSR attention worldwide by consistently offering value to consumers through providing slap-up-tasting fo od that is good for them and made the way they like it.Goals of the mission statementSUBWAY restaurants goal is to be ranked the way out one restaurant by consumers and number one in restaurant country in every market that they serve.environmental factors which affect the ac follow2.1 Political effectsMonitoring, understanding and adapting to the political environment is absolutely essential for any billet, because it significantly affects every business, some of the factors are endureence of the governmentType of Government (democratic, dictatorship, monarchy, etc)The government have Economic policyAvailable Trade policyDiplomatic actions in nearby countriesFurther more(prenominal), political setting can change for the foreseeable future.2.2 Economic affectsWhen walking down the Subway restaurant, its impossible to overlook the ever-changing price of food. According to the Food Timeline, in proterozoic fall in of 1990s one Italian herb and cheese bread salute 1pound and 50p ence, by 1998, that same Italian herb and cheese bread cost 3 pounds, on average. The entire site of food economics transformed greatly throughout the periods, absent from the agricultural economy of the 1930s to the technological, consumer-driven market. Also this alteration, there are many a(prenominal) number of other issues that impact food economics.2.3 Production and SupplyAs improvement of technology came to farms, the landlords able to produced more food and transported it to marketplace extra successfully. But still, quick merchandiseion does not for all time signify good prices. The industrial market is brutal, and maintaining cost of the farms are important. To build up for this, some countries like the United States offer farm subsidies in direct to steady farm manufacture and the food marketplace. in addition, studies continues searching for ways to get better food give ways in the face of an ever-rising population.2.4 Consumer DemandThe tastes of people all over the world revolutionize from time to time, mostly when demo to new civilizations or facts.For example, in the 1980s America began acceptance sushi and other Asian-fusion foods. According to Food Wine Magazine, from 1988-1998 the amount of sushi bars quintupled in the United States. Likewise, with the focus on strong eating, as of 2010 the market for organic foods grew to $14 billion.2.5 Global warming (ecological)When the crops damage by weather, the price of that loss will increase the prices consumers payment. Scientists learning the matter of global warming for it are predictable lasting impact on food financial side. Spectacular climate changes crash give ways, and whence the food supply. To make up for this, farms on the going ingestion in technological process that military service reduce loss. This extra cost for promote also figures into the last price of food.2.6 Preparation TimeTime is money. Another affecting economic factor is food lies in the hands of the cook. In for mative range, many cooks must be acquainted with how long it takes to locate and prepare exact items. This particular propensity made fast food and instant mixes more and more popular, particularly in Subway or anywhere people be given outside the house.Critically evaluate the strengths and weaknesses, taking into consideration all the environmental factors.SWOT analysis(S)trengthsSubway Restaurants is the famous submarine sandwich franchise based in the United States and all over the world having companies in more than seventy two countries enclose over 20,532 restaurants in this planet.The business has been using a number of nontraditional channels for creation of its system physically powerful and the elaborateness rate of the company has also been rising.Subway has well well-known itself as a mug name in the fast food manufacturing world and having brand respect all over the world. Because of outstanding to its great strategies the company has turn out to be the most importan t franchise in the world in a very infinitesimal phase of time. The company has still situated itself in places like hospitals, schools, churches, and famous retail supplies. This creates the start up price of franchises low.Subway is recognized to be companies that provide subs sandwich healthy and that are favored and to a great extent as evaluated to food items exist by other fast-food chains like Sonic Drive and McDonalds. The company has attached with the American Heart Association to add to its figure. The food menu of the Subway repeats the high persist of healthy and fresh food which is quick too.The new decoration of the companionship is an additional issue that provides a fresh feeling pinnacles the nodes. Some of the newly introduced products reproduce the healthy offering of the company.The marketing and promotional strategies adopted by the company are an example of the positive focus on demand, consumer preferences, trends, modernism and manufactured goods leverag ing. These additional add to the potential to the company.The market share and the profits of the company that was outstanding to sandwiches greater than before greatly as a result to the reduced kindle of the guest towards the chips and hamburgers due to raise consciousness about healthy foods.(W)eaknessesThe adornment and give the impression of being of the franchises is said to be old an outdated. Another crisis with franchises is that the liking ardor of the customers is not the similar across franchises and also some franchises execute very poor.Service obligation is not reliable from store to store. This can supposed to be connected to employees as there is not much incentive and the revenue rate of the staffs is very high.(O)pportunitiesThe company can spend extra money to din its industry in the international bazaar and also make developments in its adornment and look to give confidence dine-in. By civilizing the customer service satisfaction for the customer can be gre ater than before, and also the loyal customer base will increase.The company can recover the relation inside and outside the organization by altering its strategys a bit.(T)hreatsThe company may face serious threats from some of the big fast food connection in the world which even out brands like Wendys, KFC, and McDonalds etc. These restaurants are extremely older and have huge industrial trustworthy customer base over the years.The present financial recessional is an additional threat for the business as it straightly affects the use and expenditure authority of the consumers.The breeding requirements at each of the aims in the focussingA large train our workers are serving our Supervisors who are serving our Middle Managers who are serving our Vice Presidents, who are serving the CEO, who is presumably serving the Board and the shareholders/investors. The extraordinary part is, by plan, also everybody has keep going to their customer or the client is actually supposed to s erve the companyIf customers are truly our focus, or as a effect, if we must focus on serving our workers so that they will serve our customers,A present fashion in sales organization design is to be buyer centric. The buyer centric sales mock-up puts the buyer at the middle of the sales procedure in an attempt to bring into line customers wants and get first choices with the method we intend our sales tools and produce value.Adjoin this to our excellence customer service initiatives, the customer is always right announcements, and customer service surveys that were once rare, but now seem to have attached themselves via webpage to the bottom of every major grocer, retailer and restaurant chains receipts in fresh memory. strategical levelsChief Executive OfficerManagement levelMarketing ManagersFinance ManagersProduction ManagerKnowledge levelSupervisorsOperational levelEmployeesInformation systems at each of them to support the major business functions of the organization and stra tegize its operations giving it the required competitive edge. Examine and recommend IS to facilitate a healthy The nurture systems need to be reliable, sophisticated and user-friendly for Nestle.IS Information System application of effectiveness to focus on goals. An IS collects process stores analysis and disseminates instruction for a specific purposeMajor 6 types of systems administrator support systems (ESS) finish support system (DSS) heed information system (MIS)knowledge work system (KWS)office mechanisation systems (OAS)transaction processing systems (TPS)ESS / EISStrategic levelInputs aggregate information (with drill down)processing -Interactivefunction-Monitoring key performance indicatorsE.g. sales, costs, profits, growth, share prices, capacity utilizationusers- Senior managers singularity of ESS / EISexpensive to developexecutive information system provide timely concise information about organization to top managersprovide home(a) as well as external informat ioneconomic indicesstock and commodity pricesindustry trendsDecision support system (DSS)Management levelInputs low book dataProcessing interactiveOutput decision analysis drug users professionals staffExample contract cost analysis, outsourcing decision, pricing, decisions etc ..Key elements for DSSModels baseData baseUser InterfaceBusiness orientationWhat-if analysisEnd user makes changes to variables or relationships among variables and observe the resulting changes in the values of others variablesManagement information system (MIS)Management levelInputs high volume of dataProcessing simple modelsOutputs summary reportsUsers middle managersExample annual budgeting, quarterly sales reports, annual production reportsCharacteristic of MIS merged and semi -structured decisionReport control orientedPast and present dataInternal orientationLengthy design processKnowledge work system (KWS)Knowledge levelInputs- deign spacesProcessing modellingOutputs design graphicsUsers t echnical staffExample engineering work station motion processing system (TPS)Basic business systems that serve the operational levelA computerized system that perform and records the daily routine transaction necessary to the run of the businessPoint of sales systemExecutive information systems (EIS)Function monitoring key performance indicatorsUsers senior managerExpensive to developb) How information systems can be used to facilitate Customer Relations Management aspects of Nestle.Providing customer feedback forms, so customer can send feedback through URL also that will help to improve the organizationAsking about customer requirements in general when customers call for problems automated record system can help to find out a solution in futureTake action straight to customer feedbackdemonstrating how the company pay attentions to its customersheartening a service culture all the way through the associationCompanies also employ a wide variety of tactics to directly give confiden ce customer faithfulness through encouragements or special treatment. Some examples areCreating a point system that offers rewards once a customer accumulates a certain number of pointssupply discount or free-product couponsRunning competitions in which regulars may win prizes by towards the inside a drawingEnormous customer service enlarges customer loyalty, forces income and decreases in force charge by using Information System. But, usual customer service applications frequently include only a portion of the information agents need to give great service. Because important information about customers, products and services sits in a huge amount of systems both inside and outside the business firewall, and in several forms such as database records, SaaS applications, text (letters, forms, email and chat messages, IVR scripts, blogs) and even voice recordings (call records). as long as inclusive, combined data doorway has to date just been too expensive and too complex. In addition , conservative customer service applications are too frequently hard to use, and operate with unendurable data latency rates and response dispensation times.FOCUS ON CUSTOMER LOYALTYThe purpose of most well-developed customer relations programs is to turn one-time or free-and-easy customers into loyal buyers. Customer relations specialists distinguish loyalty from satisfaction, noting that its possible for customers to be satisfied but have no particular loyalty. Indeed, one mid-1990s study rig that three-quarters of the customers who reported being satisfied with one companys products still bought competitors products as well.The emphasis on loyalty is mostly driven by the bottom line. Keeping live customers is cheaper than finding new ones, and having a base of loyal customers for one product or service improves sales for the companys other offerings. By some estimates, the amount a company must spend to attract a new customer is five or six times that needed to keep bringing b ack loyal customers. Repeat customers are also more likely to recommend the company to others and to try out the companys latest products. The financial results are that a small percentage increase in customer loyalty can translate into a significant rise in profits.The opposite of loyalty-customer turnover-can deplete a companys marketing resources and can signal weakness in the firms brand image or competitive position. However, high turnover does not necessarily mean that the companys underlying product or service is at fault. Rather, it may be the customers negative (or simply neutral) experiences and impressions that stand in the way of loyalty. In the late 1990s one executive went so far to suggest that happy customers would even buy bad products from a company they liked, whereas unhappy or indifferent customers might ignore a really good product.TOOLS FOR BUILDING STRONG RELATIONSHIPSStrategies for getting better customer relations and developing customer loyalty variety fro m just opening up communications channels to implementing elaborate point systems that reward loyalty. In order to be efficient, such programs and schemes must be tailored to customer requests and interests. For example, if a company devastates its would-be loyal customers with frequent mailings (or broadcast faxes or e-mail) consisting of unimportant or unappealing offers, it may be turning itself into a irritation instead of optimistic loyalty.3) Ethical Issues Examine the honourable issues of Information Systems for this organization.Specific DSS benefitsImproving individual effectivenessExpediting solving problemMake easy interpersonal statementPromoting develop or learninggrowing managerial controlEIS issuesEIS CostEmployee Resistance to the EISManagement Resistance to the EISWho is the user?sponsor for EISInformation Technology (IT) and modern management accountingInformation technology has had a dramatic and far-reaching impact on the structure and conduct of business. IT has also been frequently poorly employed at great cost to companies.When implemented well, IT has made it possible for companies to exploit the benefits ofABC systemsE-commercePOS (point-of-sales) information to management and suppliersIn many cases, the benefits of IT have been an increase in the accuracy of information and faster decision-making.A review of key IT with reference to business applicationsExecutive Information Systems (EIS/ESS)Designed to provide senior management with easy-to-use information pulled out from internal and external sourcesFeatures flexible, sophisticated, real-time responsivenessManagement Information Systems (MIS)Designed to provide summarised information files used for management accounting and reporting purposes (i.e. reporting enabling management to make timely structured decisions for planning, controlling and directing activities)Structured decisions recurrent and relatively simple decisions addressing repetitive situations in a deterministic e nvironmentFeatures relatively inflexible, focused on internal processesEnterprise-Wide Resource Planning (ERP)Decision Support Systems (DSS)Individuals may reproduce this material if it is for their own private study use only. replication by any means for anyother purpose is prohibited. These course materials are for educational purposes only and so are necessarily simplified and summarised. eternallyobtain expert advice on any specific issue. Refer to our full terms and conditions of use. No liability for damage arising from use of these noteswill be accept by the ExP Group.Combine data and analytical models to support management decision making on issues which are exposed to significant uncertaintyProvide the decision maker with alternatives, evaluating them under a range of possible conditionsExpert Systems (ES)A form of DSS consisting of a specialised database and a set of rules on how input data should be correlated and interpreted in order to indicate the best course of act ionExample loan application ESEthical IssuesAn ethical approach to doing business is not just a matter of personal virtue, but needs to be addressed by policy (and action) at the company level as well. Ethical frameworks are not merely nice to have, but are considered crucial to building long-term professionalism. Their absence can neutralize motivation and the sense of purpose a company must have in order to succeed.

Analysis of Living Standards in the UK

Analysis of Living Standards in the UKAssignment Title Living StandardsThe UK in 2013 had a population of both(prenominal)what 64 million exemplars of animate are used to monitor and make which areas of the UK and the world are living in penury and which areas are more everyplacef subalterning and are thriving. The government is responsible for identifying the contributing factors towards a wealthy region or a poor region.Burtless, G (1987, p.232) defines bars of living as the sustained aim of consumption of goods and services that can be afforded on the basis of a households current assets and current and future income. Economists and economic research companies use up tried and tested many different ways to record the standard of living in the UK.Living standards is a hot topic in political conversations, and the government are pressured to focus on improving the well- being of the population. Elliot, L (2014) recent article for the Guardian discusses the views of Andrew Harrop, general secretary of the Fabian Society who exclaims that What we prize and how we quantity it matters. The financial crisis proved that simply targeting the headline goals of gross domestic product growth, unemployment and inflation was totally inadequate as these t angiotensin converting enzymes failed to identify remove economic weaknesses as they emerged. This would apprise that the government need to revisit their policy on standards of living on focus on refining them in order to achieve their objectives.Mankiw, N (2011) suggests that policymakers must(prenominal) accumulate factors of production quickly in order to make the population more efficient and more positive. There are many different appraises of standard of living that have been certain over the past 30-40 divisions, there are the more traditional ways of measurement and modern, innovative and experimental measures that are some(a)(prenominal) used in the world of melodic phrase.Traditional s tandard of living measuresCrafts et al (2007) suggests that historically, standards of living have been measured by assessing solid pay. satisfying wages is the income of a person and with devotion of the inflationary effects on purchasing power. Recent UK and US wage statistics compiled by Branchf belittleder Machin (2014) suggests that subsequently a powerful upwards deed of the average wage in the UK in the 1990s and early part of the 2000s there is an alarming downward trend from the year 2010 to 2013 where wages rank are increasingly lowering. From the graph it is also clear that the US wage growth is very little historically and there are no major fluctuations in analogy to the UK. (See adjunct 1).The Economist (2014) blames the fall in corporeal wages on the UKs dismal productivity since the recession, output in the UK is beneath the pre-financial crisis peak. This would suggest that Britain needs more highly skilled jobs and possible incentives to boost producti vity and create an efficient labour market.Real wages are trenchant in measuring standards, real wages statistics can be used to identify trends in wages in different countries over a peculiar(a) period, this is further emphasised by the International Labour ecesis (2003) who suggest that real wages are useful for identifying differences in purchasing power of wages in different world economies, real wages can also provide an idea of the progress of a working population.Nordhaus (1997 p.30) criticises the method of calculating real wages, he states that If we are to obtain stainless estimates of the growth of real incomes over the last century, we must some-how construct price indexes that account for the vast changes in the timberland and range of goods and services that we consume. It could be argued that countries such as the US and the UK have already constructed price indexes with the use of the Retail Price advocate, the Consumer Price major power in the last century. s ome other of the more traditional measures of living standards is gross domestic product the main gross domestic product elements that are important for living standards are GDP per capita and Real GDP per capita. GDP per capita is the total output divided by the population of a country. Recent figures from the ONS (2014) shows a comparison of the top economies in the world of the year 1997 and 2012 from the graph (see Appendix 2) it is clear to see that the UK GDP per capita has risen but not as much in value as the likes of the US, Canada and Germany the UK still even so has the 4th biggest GDP per capita in the world.Nominal GDP per capita is often criticised by economists because it does not take inflation into consideration, so it is better to use Real GDP as the measurement because it is relevant and reflects a true value. Eurostats graph (see Appendix 3) shows the year on year growth percentage of real GDP per capita in the UK, the research shows a large dip after the finan cial crisis and since that has happened the percentage growth rate has never reached the peaks pre-financial crisis, this would suggest that productivity in the UK is low and there needs to be more employment created, which could lead to an increase the output of the country.The main positive of using GDP per capita as a measure is that it is used nationwide and recorded fairly frequently, GDP per capita is measured in quarters and allows countries to evaluate the figures and look at trends over different periods this is important to identify which countries are trending downwards and is important at a regional level, governments can identify what areas are lacking in output and where investment needs to be focused.Whereas real wages are said to be useful in analyze the difference in wealth in economies International Labour Organisation (2003), Tucker (2013) argues there are several issues when comparing countries using GDP per capita, he suggests that low economically developed c ountries are not as accurate as wealthier countries when recording the data necessary for GDP. He also suggests that some countries have very different income distribution using the fall in Arab Emirates as an causa the majority of income comes from oil which is only distributed amongst a number of rich families.Real GDP per capita is important because it can give a true value after inflationary adjustments are made, however this measure also has some limitations. Similarly to GDP per capita, real GDP per capita fails to identify inequalities in income and wealth in a country, there is also the issue of the black market which can he hidden amongst the value of real GDP per capita.Another traditional measure of living standards to consider is the Gini coefficient the Gini index measures the actual distribution income in a country in comparison to an equal distribution of income. The index measures the difference between a Lorenz curve and a line of equality. The Gini index line of 0 represents equality whereas 100 would indicate inequality.The privation rank (2010) Gini Coefficient graph (see Appendix 4) shows a comparison of the 27 members of the European Union, at the time the UK figure stood at just over 30% which ranks sixth highest in inequality in Europe and high than the EU27 average of 30%. The graph also shows how Scandinavian countries such as Sweden Finland have a much more equal society in call of income despite their questionable taxation policies. The United Kingdom would likely try and target a smaller percentage to achieve better equality amongst the population.Concerns over income inequality have been raised recently. Treanor Farrell (2014) recent article for the Guardian discusses how the UK is the only G7 country with growing inequality, the article discusses growings from a Credit Suisse global wealth subject field show that the UKs richest 10% of people represent 54.1% of the total national income. There will be inevitable pressur e on the government from low income families that have been suffering from rising utility bills and only a small rise in wages.The Gini Co-efficient is very effective in showing the inequality in countries throughout the world, it can also help economists and businessman understand and support their thinking if they believe the country is increasing in terms of inequality of income. McKinley, T (1995 p.141) writes that the Gini coefficient does not concentrate merely on differences from the mean it is a much more direct measure of inequality because it accounts for the differences between every pair of observations.The Gini co-efficient isnt without its limitations, Parrillo (2008) suggests that the measure does not alter much when transfers are made between the rich and the poorer people. Another disadvantage of the Gini coefficient is that it fails to inform you of the changes in the distribution of income between income groups as opposed to pick measures of living standards.Alte rnative standard of living measuresThroughout the last 20-30 years there have been a number of alternative measures developed across the world, trying to find a better way to measure living standards.The Human Development Index was originally developed by the UN to monitor and develop a ranking of countries by the following criteria average years of schooling, expected years of schooling, life expectancy from birth and gross national income per capita.From the more or less recent HDI data (see cecal appendage 5) the United Kingdom ranks at 14 in the top 15, the HDI shows some interesting developments and differences between the nations of the world. The United States for example has a high GNI Per capita compares to other countries, their life expectancy however ranks lower than any other country in the top 15 this could suggest that the United States standard of living is not truly reflected in the HDI.Although the Scandinavian countries rank high on the HDI, Henrietta Moore of Th e Guardian (2014) argues that they are not the model for global prosperity she suggests that their principles of self-reliance and self determination are the reasons for their high human development. Moore summarises statistics that suggest that the Scandinavian countries are consuming resources far too quickly they rank top of both the carbon emissions usage and they rank high in the WWFs scale of ecological fix. It could be argued that it is important to consider the environmental impacts of nations activities to begin with considering their Human Development ranking.The obvious advantage of the HDI is that it makes it simple to monitor the changes in development of countries over a period of time, it is also effective to use when comparing different countries around the world and how they are developing and which element of the criteria is changing most. There is a drawback to the HDI, Soubbotina Sheram (2000) suggests that it fails to show the significance of the different elements and fails to support why a countries index may have altered over time. It could be argued that the United Nations needs to provide more reasoning and evidence to support changes in figures.Another of the more recent innovative measurements of living standards is the Happy artificial satellite Index developed in 2006 countries are measured on life expectancy, well-being and ecological vestige. Each country is given a particular colour as in the HPI (see Appendix 6) based on their performance green being good, atomic number 79 being middle or average, red being bad performance after accumulating the different components for each country.From appendix 6, the countries performing worst are the United States and a lot of African countries including Ethiopia, Kenya and Nigeria. The United Kingdom is ranked in the middle ranking as a result of their poor ecological footprint in which they rank 121 out of the 151 countries. Surprisingly Mexico is one of the best performing coun tries based on the index ranking 23rd out of 151 with a healthy well-being score.The Happy Planet Index became very popular when it first came out because of the results it produced. Simms Boyle (2009) praises the measure suggesting it is the first measure to combine well-being and environmental impact to find a countries efficiency. A social factor and criticism of the Happy Planet Index is described by Murray, P (2011) he argues that families may find that they do not welcome giving information on personal health to help determine life expectancy and levels of personal health, this suggests that the information for some countries may be inaccurate because a lot of people may have refused to give such sensitive personal information.Another alternative measure which has been viewed as a successor for GDP is the Genuine Progress Indicator, this measure is designed to measure improvements made in economic welfare. GPI takes several factors into consideration including pecuniary value of voluntary and unpaid work, leisure time. Similarly to the previous measures discussed, GPI takes into consideration income distribution, environmental impacts and state of the environment. The GPI also accounts for the cost of crime in the country being measured.The GPI has been tested across the world in a number of different experiments. Bagstad Shammin (2012) looked at testing different GPI factors in 17 counties in Ohio and compared the results of change from 1990-2005 (see appendix 7), from the table we can see the differences in 15 years in some important factors to the people of Ohio. There have been drastic changes in some factors including net capital investment which is good for the areas because it may improve job prospects. The advantage of GPI in this particular testing process in Ohio is that it combines an element of consumption, GDP per capita and Gini coefficient.The GPI is being used increasingly around the world because it has a number of advantages in compar ison to traditional methods such as GDP, the GPI is said to take into consideration negative contributions to growth such as pollution and crime, GPI is effective in measuring peoples living standards and not just a measure of output as is the primary objective of GDP.GPI is much more useful in long term planning than GDP because environmental impacts are pickings into consideration and be addressed in the long term. Although GPI takes the value of leisure time and environmental impacts, these factors are very hard to determine a particularised value to include in the calculations, GDP per capita in comparison is a much simpler method GPI is also ineffective in relation to a business cycle.Measures of living standards are ever changing there may never be a measure more accurate or reliable as another because they all have their criticisms and drawbacks that are fresh within economists minds. It is clear that there is a shift of focus from just measuring output of a population throu gh GDP per capita to recognising the issues and factors that affect a population the alternative measures each focus on social factors such as life expectancy. Rather than looking at just earnings and wages, the newer measures of living standards focus on what is actually relevant to people around the world. GDP per capita and real wages show some difference in the level of wealth and income inequality but it is methods like the Human Development Index which can be used to determine a more global perspective of living standards, to summarise the more traditional methods are useful for measuring the wealth whereas the alternative and more innovative measures focus on the social factors that indicate a populations standard of living.AppendicesAppendix 1Source Branchflower Machin (2014)Appendix 2Source ONS (2014)Appendix 3Yearly change in percentage of Real GDP per capita growth in the UKSource Eurostat (2014)Appendix 4Source The Poverty Site (2010)Appendix 5HDI Index 2013 top 15 rank ings, Source United Nations Development Programme (2013)Appendix 6Source Happy Planet Index (2012)Appendix 7Source Bagstad Shammin (2012)BibliographyBagstad,K, Shammin, R. (2011) Can the Genuine Progress Indicator better inform sustainable regional progress?A case study for Northeast Ohio, Ecological Indicators, 18, pp.330-341, Science Direct (Online) Available at http//www.sciencedirect.com.ergo.glam.ac.uk/science/article/pii/S1470160X11003918 (Accessed 22/11/14).Boyle, D., Simms, A. (2009). The New Economics A Bigger Picture. Oxford Routledge.Branchflower, D., Machin, S. (2014) travel real wages, Paper No CEPCP422, 19 (1) pp. 19-21. CentrePiece (Online). Available at http//cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/cp422.pdf (Accessed 17/11/14)Burtless, G (1987). 1st edn. go, Health and Income among the Elderly. Washington, D.C Brookings Institution.Crafts, N., Gazeley, I. Newell, A. (2007). Work and Pay in 20th Century Brtiain. Oxford Oxford University Press.Elliot, L (2014) Living standards should be central measure of UK economic performance 12 March (Online) Available at http//www.theguardian.com/business/2014/mar/12/living-standard-measure-economic-growth (Accessed 16/11/14)Eurostat (2014). Real GDP per capita, growth rate and totals. Available at http//epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/graph.do?tab=graphplugin=1pcode=tsdec100language=entoolbox=sort. Accessed (17/11/14).Happy Planet Index (2012). HPI 2012 Map View. Available at http//www.happyplanetindex.org/data/. (Accessed 21/11/14)International Labour Organisation. (2003). 3rd edn. Key Indicators of the Labour Market. Geneva ILO Publications.Mankiw, N (2011). sixth edn. Principles of Economics. Ohio South-western publishing.McKinley, T (1995). The Distribution of Wealth in Rural China. Oxford Routledge.Moore, H (2014). Why Scandinavia is not the model for global prosperity we should all pursue. 1st celestial latitude (Online). Available at http//www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2014/dec/01/why-scandinavia-is -not-the-model-for-global-prosperity-we-should-all-pursue. (Accessed 1/12/14)Murray, P. (2011). The Sustainable Self A Personal Approach to Sustainability Education. Oxford Routledge.Nordhaus, W. (1997). P.27-70. The Economics of New Goods. Chicago University of Chicago Press.ONS (2014). The UK has one of the fastest growing economies in the G7. Available at http//www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/elmr/gdp-and-the-labour-market/q1-2014may-gdp-update/sty-gdp-g7-economies.html. Accessed (17/11/14).Parrillo, V (2008). Encyclopedia of Social Problems. Washington DC Sage Publications.Soubbotina, T., Sheram, K. (2000). Beyond Economic harvesting Meeting the Challenges of Global Development. Washington DC World Bank Publications.The Economist (2014). What recovery? Real wages 413(8910), 32(US). 25th October. Retrieved from http//go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA387050752v=2.1u=uwcnit=rp=STNDsw=wasid=a520ff594e7283ba19a015fcb5d8e35f (Accessed 17/11/14).The Poverty Site (2010). European Union Gini Coefficient. Available at http//www.poverty.org.uk/e14/index.shtml. Accessed (17/11/14).Treanor, J Farrell, S (2014). UK only G7 country with wider inequality than at turn of century. fourteenth October (Online). Available at http//www.theguardian.com/society/2014/oct/14/uk-inequality-wealth-credit-suisse. Accessed (17/11/14).Tucker, I (2013). Macroeconomics for Today. 8th edn. Ohio South-western publishing.United Nations Development Programme (2013). Human Development Index and its components. Available at http//hdr.undp.org/en/content/table-1-human-development-index-and-its-components. (Accessed 21/11/14)

Trump’s Foreign Policy Agenda on North Korea

outstrips Foreign Policy Agenda on marriage KoreaWhich administration cabinet officer supported foreign insurance on North Korea ?Secretary of Defense James Mattis has supported The president in negotiations with North Korea. Mattis has been against military attain against North Korea. However, Mattis is very a state of ware of the insecurity that North Korea is be to the unify States. This terror has been steadily growing and Secretary of Defense Mattis believes that North Korea has accelerated the threat that it poses to its neighbors and the world through its illegal and supernumerary missile and nuclear weapons programs.6 Mattis has maintained alliances and attended meetings with leaders and representatives of nations that are allies of the US in fix to provide pressure from all sides in order to deter and reckon North Koreas nuclear proliferation. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson has also been c tolerately involved in the creation of foreign form _or_ system of govern ment on North Korea. Tillersons mentality towards North Korea is very similar to that of Secretary of Defense Mattis. Tillerson believes that negotiations towards peace can only be achieved by denuclearizing, bad up their weapons of mass destruction.7 Both cabinet members deliver played key roles in the Trump administration on the topic of North Korean foreign policy.Was the copulation heavily involved?Congress has not been heavily involved in North Korean foreign policy. Under President Obamas term, Congress had passed sanctions. further under President Trumps term, Congress has not been involved with foreign policy on North Korea. It has been handled so far only by the president in the form of executive orders, along with the council of his cabinet members, mainly Secretary of State Rex Tillerson and Secretary of Defense James Mattis. Which interest groups were involved?The cardinal big interest groups in this situation are Russia and China. Both countries eat up supplied ai d to North Korea in order to keep it in power, but for unalike reasons. China has supported North Korea for so long in order to keep a pilot zone between them and southern Korea, a United States ally. China does not want the US at their border and result keep supporting North Korea as long as the trade-off of goods for this buffer zone is worth it. Russia has also been supplying North Korea with resources for many years, but the reason it is doing so is that it wants to reassert itself as a global power. Russia wants to extend its ferment outside of Europe and into the Asian Pacific. Both nations seek to gain something from the survival and future growth of North Korea as a key player in the region. South Korea is the biggest interest group, with North Korea being right above them. If North Korea launched an flame, South Korea would be the first and most likely target of said attack. They will be the first affected by any change in North Korea, for better or worse. The United States also has interests in the region. South Korea has US military bases and is a key ally in the region. If North Korea attacked the south, it would destabilize the region and pose an immediate threat to US interests. If North Korea stopped its doing of nuclear weapons and stopped performing tests, it would lower tensions and allow the US to comfortably remain in the region in order to ensure democratic control of the region.The History of North Korean policyThe United States policy on North Korea begins with the Korean war. This war began in June 1950 and came to an end in July 1953. This war came to realization when North Korean leader Kim il-Sung successfully convinced Soviet leader Joseph Stalin that the time had come to launch an invasion of South Korea. On June 25, 1950, the north had begun an attack by striking across the 38th parallel into the south. In response to this attack, President Truman decided not to seek a declaration of war from Congress, believe that it would be an overreaction. Immediate action was needed and Truman decided to go directly to the United Nations. He requested sanctions against North Korea, and Under U.S. guidance, the UN called for the invasion to halt (June 25), accordingly for the UN member states to provide military assistance to the ROK (June 27). 1 However, this did not stop the fighting and did not keep the North from killing those who protested against them. Once the United States began to back South Korea with troops, they managed to push them back past the 38th parallel until China began to send reinforcements. Soon, a stalemate was reached at the 38th parallel. In July 1953, an armistice was reached but the war was not declared officially over. Future sanctions against North Korea first came from the United Nations. These sanctions began after North Korea displayed its capacity for the creation of nuclear weaponry with its first nuclear test in 2006. The first sanctions came from resolution 1718, which prevent s a range of goods from entering or leaving the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea and imposes an asset kibosh and travel ban on persons related to the nuclear-weapon programme.2 The latest sanctions to come from the UN were passed on September 11, 2017, with resolution 2375. These sanctions limited North Koreas exports including a ban on the bargain of natural gas liquids to the North-East Asian nation, and on its textile exports while also prohibiting Member States from providing work authorizations to its nationals.3 However, North Korea has continually ignored these sanctions and continued to have a nuclear weapons program. The United States has also enacted sanctions against North Korea, beginning in 2016 with President Obama. The proposed sanctions passed both the house and senate. The sanctions Imposed mandatory sanctions for entities that are involved in North Koreas mineral or metal trade, which contribute to a large component of the countrys foreign export earnings.4 The most recent sanctions have come from President Trump on September 25, 2017, which were enacted as executive orders. The executive order expanded his controversial travel ban to include population from North Korea, Venezuela and Chad, citing security concerns.5 However, despite these actions, North Korea has not been deterred from continuing its developments of Nuclear weapons.Evaluation of the foreign policy on North KoreaThe United States foreign policy on North Korea has been focused on sanctions that will put a strain on both their economy and the procession of their nuclear program. These sanctions have limited both their imports and exports so that they may not purchase resources nor make money by selling the goods that they do have, such as natural gas. These sanctions have been ineffective, no matter how restrictive they have been, due to their allies supplying them with the resources that they need to maintain power. Further sanctions will prove to be fruitless if th is issue is not solved, and it may be best to find another way to limit their production of nuclear arms. However, this will not be possible if North Korea is pushed to the question where it will attack. In the past few months, the president has been threatening military action towards North Korea if they do not stop testing ICBMs. President Trump has posted a tweet on the matter, stating that Our country has been unsuccessfully dealing with North Korea for 25 years, giving billions of dollars & getting nothing. Policy didnt work8 The growing threat of North Korea is a result of its recent successful missile tests. This success paired with the ineffectiveness of past sanctions is pushing The United States towards considering a preemptive water tap on North Korea, especially if negotiations break down further. ConclusionsMilitary action is notneeded in order to resolve the threat that North Korea is posing on the UnitedStates and its allies. Sanctions have proved to be ineffective towardsdeterring them from continuing a nuclear weapons program, but perhaps adifferent course of action could be taken to progress these talks. It would bebest to refrain from escalating the situation by remaining quiet and not speakabout military action, which may be what they want because that would allowthem to justify the existence of their program. A neutral party may benecessary to provide a medium for communications between the United States andNorth Korea. The two leaders would not be able to speak and negotiate publiclydue to the ramifications of doing so. North Korea would begin to lose supportfrom their allies, Russia and China. The United States also could not hold publicnegotiations due to their classification of North Korea as a sponsor ofterrorism. Negotiating with North Korea may confine the impression that the USwill negotiate with terrorists. This part of the problem can be solved bydeclassifying them as a sponsor of terror. This would ease tensions aroundand ma y even open a small path for diplomacy. A party that is both familiarwith and impartial towards the United States and North Korea would ease theprogression of diplomacy. This would be the way to de-escalate the situation inNorth Korea and avoid military action that would lead to a second Korean war,which is what forced these tensions to be created in the first place.Works CitedMillett, Allan R. Korean War. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Encyclopdia Britannica, inc, 17 July 2017. Accessed 2 Dec. 2017.SECURITY COUNCIL CONDEMNS NUCLEAR TEST BY DEMOCRATIC PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF KOREA, nem con ADOPTING RESOLUTION 1718 (2006). United Nations, United Nations, 14 Oct. 2006, www.un.org/press/en/2006/sc8853.doc.htm. Accessed 2 Dec. 2017.Security Council Imposes Fresh Sanctions on Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, Including Bans on cancel Gas Sales, Work Authorization for Its Nationals. United Nations, United Nations, 11 Sept. 2017, www.un.org/press/en/2017/sc12983.doc.htm. Accessed 2 Dec. 2017.F ifield, Anna. Punishing North Korea A rundown on legitimate sanctions. The Washington Post, The Washington Post, 22 Feb. 2016. Accessed 4 Dec. 2017.US expands travel ban to include N Korea. BBC, BBC, 25 Sept. 2017, www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-41382585. Accessed 4 Dec. 2017Manchester, Julia. Mattis North Korea threat has accelerated. The Hill, The Hill, 28 Oct. 2017. Accessed 5 Dec. 2017Sanger, David E. Rex Tillerson Rejects Talks With North Korea on Nuclear Program. The New York Times, The New York Times, 17 Mar. 2017. Accessed 6 Dec. 2017.Trump, Donald J. (realDonaldTrump) Our country has been unsuccessfully dealing with North Korea for 25 years, giving billions of dollars & getting nothing. Policy didnt work 9 Oct. 2017, 350 AM, Tweet

The Royal Truth :: Essays Papers

The Royal TruthThe poem Sir Gawain And The Green Knight was written anonymously near 1375 for the royal motor hotel in London. This work is a combination of comedy and satire. The poem also has two plots the beheading contest, in which two parties agree to an telephone exchange of blows with a sword or ax, and the temptation, an attempted seduction of the hero by a lady (Norton, 200). This essay will discuss one description of the ground of the poem, the characters behavior, and how this courtly society has deteriorated from the ideal. The poem begins with the burning of the city, Troy, and the flight of Aeneas. The great-grandson of Aeneas, Felix Brutus, is also the founder of Britain, and he comes to rebuild the city in Britian. The poem continues to describe how the city is strengthened and says that King Arthur becomes the successor of the throne. The author makes the readers understand that the action is taking place during the winter because he mentions that the king, wh o is the handsomest of all his guests, is having a Christmas party at Camelot. The text states ...he is the comeliest king, that that court holds, For all this fair folk in their first age were still. Happiest of mortal kind, King noblest fame of will You would now go far to find So bodacious a host on hill (203). The author is also very graphic. For example, the author describes the beheading of the Green Knight this way ...the head was hewn withdraw and fell to the floor ...The blood gushed from the body, bright on the green... (Norton, 211). The passage from lines 60 to 129 of Sir Gawain And The Green Knight describes how the king and his guests celebrate New Years Day. Before the king enters the room, the sustenance is served to the guests. When the king comes in, everyone stops and the Clerics and all the court acclaimed the glad season, Cried Noel anew, good news to men (Norton, 203), which means that the guests exchange greetings with each other. Then men and women hand taboo gifts, but at the same time they play a kissing game. The entertainment continues until the food is served. In Sir Gawain And The Green Knight, the unknown author explains his characters personalities and their appearance. He says that tabby cat Guenevere is a perfect person, who has no faults.

Hamlets Struggle with Time out of Joint Essay -- Essays on Shakespeare

Hamlets Struggle with time out of joint The time is out of joint./O cursd spite, that I was ever born to set it right. This essay give examine Hamlets dramatic struggle to set time right. The issue will be divieded in two parts, one the unordered to Denmark and Elsinore, the other the struggle to repair it each shall be dealt with in turn. From the opening few lines of Hamlet we know that things are not right in Denmark. The opening passage of the play is an unfolding litany of portents and signs until in Scene 5 the Ghost tells Hamlet of the murder by Claudius. We have already heard, in his first base soliloquy, of Hamlets struggles in this upshot his depression and suicidal thoughts. This is typical of Hamlets struggle in the first part of the play, the struggle is an internal one. It is only later that the struggle becomes an external, physical one. We will excessively see that Hamlets struggle is more than just one of revenge, it in like manner encompasses life over deat h and love over hate before returning to revenge. The first line of Hamlet, Barnardos peremptory Whos there? when he approaches Franciscos guard post, rather than the more usual challenge of the guard, tells us that the soldiers are nervous in their duties. When Horatio and Marcellus arrive they also give us signs of upset with their talk of the war with Fortinbras of Norway. Marcellus enquires - Why this same strict and most observant watchSo nightly toils the subject of the land,And why such daily cast of brazen cannon,And foreign mart for implements of war,Why such impress of shipwrights, whose sore taskDoes not divide the Sunday from the workweekWhat might be toward that this sweaty hasteDoth make the night joint-labourer with the day,... ...ue to his 1948 film version of the play, This is the story of a man who cannot make up his mind. In the final analysis that may well be Hamlets struggle. Notes 1 Germaine Greer, Shakespeare (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1986), p. 58 2 Laurence Olivier(Director), Hamlet (Rank Film Distributors, capital of the United Kingdom, 1948) Bibliography Bradley, A.C., Shakespearean Tragedy. LondonMacmillan, 1957. French, Marilyn, Shakespeares Division Of Experience. New YorkSummit Books, 1981 Greer, Germaine, Shakespeare. OxfordOxford University Press, 1986 Kott, Jan, Shakespeare Our Contemporary. LondonMethuen, 1695 Olivier, Laurence (Director), Hamlet. LondonRank Film Distributors, 1948 Rowse, Alfred Leslie, The Annotated Shakespeare. LondonOrbis Publishing, 1978 Shakespeare, William, Hamlet. LondonMacmillan Education, 1973